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Biomolecules

Biomolecules. Ch - 2The Molecules of Life. Do Now. 1. The smallest unit of matter is the _________. 2. Two or more atoms are combined to make a ___________. 3. A bond that involves the sharing of electrons is called a __________ bond.

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Biomolecules

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  1. Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life

  2. Do Now • 1. The smallest unit of matter is the _________. • 2. Two or more atoms are combined to make a ___________. • 3. A bond that involves the sharing of electrons is called a __________ bond. • 4. How many protons does carbon have? How many valence electron does carbon have? Draw a Lewis Dot Structure for carbon.

  3. Molecules are combinations of atoms • What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? • Carbon C • Oxygen O • Nitrogen N • Hydrogen H

  4. Importance of Carbon • Carbon has 4 valence electrons • can make up to 4 bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms of other elements • carbon can create strong skeletons or backbones *What is the hardest mineral?*

  5. Carbon bonds with Carbon • Biomolecules have carbon backbones • They are organic molecules • C-skeletons: straight chain, branched chain, ring

  6. Carbon bonds with Hydrogen • Hydrocarbons are molecules composed of only hydrogen and carbon • Are hydrophobic

  7. Carbon bonds with functional groups • Functional groups are groups of atoms that interact in predictable ways • Functional groups attach to carbon backbones to create biomolecules

  8. Hydroxyl Group • -OH (oxygen and hydrogen) • alcohols • polar • Hydrophilic • Soluble in water Found in sugars

  9. Carbonyl • C=O • Ketones (within)and aldehydes (on the end) • Polar; water soluble • Found in sugars

  10. Carboxyl Group • -COOH • carboxylic acids • Acidic • Found in fatty acids and proteins

  11. Amino Group • -NH2 • Polar; water soluble • Basic • Found in amino acids (proteins)

  12. Phosphate Group • -PO4 • Store/transfer energy • Polar; water soluble • Acidic • Found in nucleic acids • Found in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) = cell energy

  13. Molecule Race Yum!

  14. EXAMPLE • 5 carbon straight chain hydrocarbon with a hydroxyl on the last carbon

  15. 4 carbon straight chain (hydrocarbon)

  16. 3 carbon straight chain (hydrocarbon) with a hydroxyl on the middle carbon

  17. 4 carbon straight skeleton (hydrocarbon) with a carbonyl on the second carbon

  18. 2 carbon molecule (hydrocarbon) with a carboxyl on the first carbon

  19. 2 carbon straight chain with a 2 carbon branch on the second carbon (hydrocarbon)

  20. Remove the end hydrogen from the branch and add an amino

  21. A 5 carbon ring with a hydroxyl on 2 different carbons

  22. Monomers & Polymers • Biomolecules are combinations of smaller molecules called monomers • Monomers link together to form polymers

  23. Building and breaking polymers • dehydration synthesis = monomers combined to make polymers

  24. Building and breaking polymers • Hydrolysis = polymers are broken into monomers

  25. 4 Biomolecules • All polymers are classified into one of 4 biomolecules: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  26. Carbohydrates!

  27. Carbohydrates • sugar molecules • Ring shape • Provide and store energy; building material in plants

  28. Carbohydrates • Carbs are hydrophilic • Full of hydroxyls and carbonyls

  29. Monosaccharides • 1 ring • Example: Glucose (C6H12O6) • energy source • material to build other carbohydrates

  30. Disaccharides • Double Sugars (oxygen bridge) • Example: Sucrose (glucose linked to a fructose) • immediate energy or stored

  31. Polysaccharides • Long polymer of sugar monomers • Complex carbs • Starch: chain of glucose monomers • used by plants as sugar storage • Animals can break down starch to release glucose and energy

  32. Polysaccharides • Glycogen • Used by animals to store extra sugar • Stored in the liver

  33. Polysaccharides • Cellulose • Used by plants for building material • Most animals cannot break down cellulose; passes through body as fiber • Chitin • Used by fungi for building material

  34. Lipids!

  35. Lipids • Organic molecules that are hydrophobic • Act as membranes, protect organs, store energy, act as chemical signals

  36. Lipids: Phospholipids • Phospholipids: form cell membranes; divides the watery inside and outside of cells

  37. Lipids • Fats (triglycerides) 3 C backbone (glycerol) attached to 3 long chains of hydrocarbons (fatty acids) • Store energy, cushion organs, insulate

  38. Lipids: Fats • Saturated fats • all fatty acids have maximum H atoms • Solid at room T • Animal fats, lard, butter • Unsaturated fats • One or more double bond in fatty acid chain • Found in fruits, veggies, fishies, EVOO, veggie oils Which do you want to limit in your diet?

  39. Lipids: Steroids & Sterols • C-skeleton of 4 fused rings • Steroids are chemical signals • Cholesterol = essential in cell membranes; building block of other steroids

  40. Proteins! When there is something to do, it is a protein that does it.

  41. Proteins • Proteins have many important functions. Some are: • Antibodies • Receptors • Enzymes • Neurotransmittors • Energy Storage • Build and Repair muscles and tissue

  42. Amino Acids • Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids • Amino Acids consist of one central C bonded to 4 partners: • H-atom • Carboxyl • Amino • An “R-group”

  43. Polypeptides • Amino acids link together forming peptide bonds

  44. Protein Structure • Each protein has its own unique 3-D shape that determines its function • The shape of a protein is determined by how its amino acids interact

  45. Primary Structure • The chain of amino acids = polypeptide • 20 different amino acids make up hundreds of thousands of different polypeptides

  46. Secondary Structure • The way a part of the polypeptide twists or coils • Forms α-helixes, or β-pleated sheets

  47. Tertiary Structure • the helixes and pleated sheets fold in respect to each other

  48. Quaternary Structure • Describes how the 2 or more polypeptides fold in respect to each other

  49. Denaturation • Proteins can be unraveled and changed by changes in temp, pH, or other changes in environment

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