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Linguistics Lecture-2: Morphological Processes

Linguistics Lecture-2: Morphological Processes. Pushpak Bhattacharyya, CSE Department, IIT Bombay 21 June, 2008. Base form and Morphed form. Morphing and Agreement. Key notion English: verb agrees with the subject Ram laughs; Children laugh

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Linguistics Lecture-2: Morphological Processes

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  1. Linguistics Lecture-2:Morphological Processes Pushpak Bhattacharyya, CSE Department, IIT Bombay 21 June, 2008

  2. Base form and Morphed form

  3. Morphing and Agreement • Key notion • English: verb agrees with the subject • Ram laughs; Children laugh • Hindi: adjective (often) agrees with the noun it modifies • achchha ladkaa; achchhii ladkii

  4. Key concepts: Inflection and Derivation • Inflection • Does not change POS: • transport (V) transporting (V, present progressive) • boy (n)  boys (n, pl) • Closes the morpheme- cannot transform any more • Derivation • Changes the POS • transport (V) transportation (n) transportations (n, pl) • delight (n) delightful (adj)

  5. Key concepts: factors affecting noun morphology • Number • Singular, plural, dual (sanskrit) • boy, boys, baalakou • Direct/oblique case • ladkaa (boy), ladke (boy) ko (to, accusative)

  6. 6 base cases *- takes ergative marker ne for transitive verb past tense

  7. Syncretism • Same suffix playing multiple roles • se is syncretic: instrumetal, ablative • to is syncretic: accusative, dative • Challenge for morph analyser

  8. Key concept: derterminants of verb forms • GNPTAM: gender, number, person, tense, aspect, modality • Gender: masculine (m), feminine (f), neuter (n): only first two in Hindi • Number: singular (s), plural (p) • Person: 1st, 2nd, 3rd: I, you, he/she • Tense: present, past, future (past and non-past) • Aspect: progressive, perfect • Modality: Indicative, durative, ability, possibility, subjunctive etc.

  9. Large number of possibilities • Gender: 3 • Number: 2 (3 for some languages) • Person: 3 • Tense: 3 (2 for some languages) • Aspect: 2 • Modaliity: 7-8 • Total possibilities: • 3 X 2 X 3 X 3 X 2 X 8=864 • Much larger for many languages: Arabic, Turkish, Hebrew (Semitic languages), Hungarian, Finnish

  10. Example: verb forms (few cases)

  11. S-form, Ing form, D-form, N-form, Irregular forms: corresponding PENN POS tags • 3rd person, singular number, present tense: laugh laughs (VBZ) • Present participle: laughing(VBG) • Simple past: Transport Transported (VBD) • Past participle: had transported (VBN) • Take Took (VBD); Take-> Taken (VBN)

  12. Verb types (syntactic Classification: traditional linguistics) Verb Intransitive (no direct object) Transitive (has direct object) Unaccusative Unergative

  13. Verb types (semantic classification: Universal Networking Language (UNL)) Verb Be (Stative) Occur (happen) Do (Action)

  14. Verb categorization in UNL and its relationship to traditional verb categorization Unergative (syntactic subject =semantic agent) Unaccusative (syntactic subject ≠ semantic agent)

  15. Ergative Verbs in English • Break • Ram breaks the window • The window breaks • The object can take the subject position without changing the verb form • However dooccur

  16. Unergative construction in Hindi • raam ne khaanaa khaayaa • For transitive verbs in past tense • Syntactic subject not in nominative form

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