You are what you eat!!!

1. You are what you eat!!! Organic molecules

2. Section 4 vocabulary: (9 words) • organic chemistry • macromolecules, • polymers, • carbohydrates, • lipids, • protein, • amino acids, • nucleic acids, • nucleotides.

3. Why all of the C’s?? • The element carbon is found in all living things.

4. organic chemistry 166 The branch of Chemistry devoted to the study of organic compounds, those containing carbon! Almost all like is made out of the element Carbon!!

5. Why carbon? • Because of its electron structure! • Draw the electron configuration for carbon.

6. Energy level

7. Where can this atom form bonds? • Energy level

8. All four sides are available to form strong covalent bonds!!! • Carbon can form straight chains or branched chains or rings. C • C O • C C C C CCCCC C C • C C • This make an unlimited number of possibilities for carbon structures.

9. MACROMOLECULES 167 • Large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. • Contain thousands of carbons bonded with other elements. .

10. polymers, 167 • POLYMER: a large molecule formed by many smaller ones bonded together, another name for macromolecule. • Repeating units of nearly identical compounds called monomers.

11. ISOMERS • COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE THE SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT STRUCTURES.

12. A. Glucose, a six-membered ring monosaccharide. B. Fructose, a five-membered ring monosaccharide. C. Sucrose, a disaccharide containing glucose and fructose. D. Molecular representation of starch illustrating the alpha-glycosidic linkages joining monosaccharides to form the polysaccharide structure.

13. Monomer • Single units of small molecules. • Bond together to form POLYMERS • HYDROLYSIS: ADDITION OF A WATER MOLECULE TO BREAK A BOND • Dehydration synthesis: removal of a water molecule to bond together two units.

14. CARBOHYDRATES 168 • An organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. General formula CH2O • Types: • MONOSACCHARIDES • DISACCHARIDES • POLYSACCHARIDES

15. CARBOHYDRATES • The main function is to release and store energy for the cell.

16. monosaccharide • Glucose and fructose are examples

17. disaccharides • Sucrose = glucose and fructose bonded together

18. Lactose and maltose are also disaccharides

19. POLYSACCHARIDES • MANY MONOSACCHARIDES BONDED TOGETHER IN A POLYMER. • STARCH AND GLYCOGEN ARE EXAMPLES.

20. STARCH • Starches are many monosaccharides linked together in a single chain. These are called Polysaccharides. • Plants use this for energy storage e.g. Potatoes • Two types • Amylose - Long strait unbranched chains • Pectins - many linked short Amylose chains

21. GYLCOGEN • ANIMALS STORE FOOD ENERGY IN THIS FORM. Glycogen is a moderately branched polysaccharide Animals use this for energy storage.

22. CELLULOSE • Found in the cell walls of plants

23. Organic: contains Carbon • How many valence electrons does Carbon have? • What kind of bond?

24. Cells use Carbohydrates to store Energy and provide structural support. • Quick energy!!! • Fruits, veggies, and C:H:O -- 1:2:1 (CH20)n • grains • Similar components…different structural formulas

25. LIPIDS/FATS 169 • Lipids are macromolecules made of mostly Carbon and Hydrogen including fats, waxes & oils • Primary function is energy storage. • Energy is stored in C-H bonds. • More efficient in storing energy

26. Lipids are made of 2 parts • Glycerol - an alcohol - Serves as backbone of the molecule • 3 Fatty acids - Long hydrocarbon chains

27. Saturated fats have long chains with no double-bonds • Unsaturated fats have double bonds • Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds • Each time a double bond is encountered, the molecule "Bends" slightly, resulting in a lower density of the lipid. This makes the molecule more likely to remain liquid at room or body temperatures.

28. 4 Major types of biologically important Lipids • Phospholipids - Important for membrane structure • Steroids - e.g.. Cholesterol & testosterone. Provide membrane support / serve as hormones • Terpenes - serve as important components of pigments • Prostaglandins - appear to act like localized hormones to induce cellular/tissue responses.

29. Lipids store energy and are a component of the cell membrane • C H O – no set ratio • Found in meat, nuts, butter • nonpolar • Store more Energy than carbs

30. Other Lipids • Cholesterol is a steroid found in the cell membrane of animal cells • Pigments – light absorbing compounds

31. Structure of Fats • Glycerol “backbone” • 3 fatty acid chains

32. Saturated Fats • Contain the maximum # of C-H bonds • Solid or almost solid at room temperature • Unhealthy fats! • Mostly animal fats

33. Unsaturated Fats • C=C, fewer C-H Bonds • Usually liquid at room temperature • More healthy fats • Mostly plant oils

34. PROTEINS, 170 • Made up of amino acids! LARGE POLYMER MADE UP OF CARBON, HYDROGEN,OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND SOMETIMES SULFUR.

35. AMINO ACIDS 170 • BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS

36. Amino acid structures

37. SOME COMMON A.A.’S Nonpolar GlycineAlanineValineLeucineIsoleucineMethioninePhenylalanineTryptophanProline

38. Polar • SerineThreonineCysteineTyrosineAsparagineGlutamine • Electrically Charged • Aspartic AcidGlutamic AcidLysineArginineHistidine

39. Peptide bonds hold amino acids together

40. PRIMARY 1ST • Primary Structure of a protein is it’s sequence of amino acids

41. SECONDARY 2ND • The Sequence (primary structure) causes parts of a protein molecule to fold into sheets or bend into helix shapes - this is a protein’s Secondary Structure.

42. TERTIARY 3RD • The protein then can compact and twist on itself to form a mass called it’s Tertiary Structure

43. QUATERNARY 4TH • Several Proteins then can combine and form a protein’s Quaternary Structure

44. DENATURE • BREAKS THE PEPTIDE BONDS OF THE PROTEIN AND MAKES THE STRUCTURE COME APART.

45. Types of Proteins • Collagen: most abundant--Skin, ligaments, tendons, bones • Enzyme: catalyst (increase the rate of chemical reactions) • Antibiodies: defend against infection • Hemoglobin: carries oxygen in blood

46. Nucleic acids, 171 • Complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. • DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids.

47. Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids

48. DNAa double helix

49. RNA single strands • Messenger, ribosomal and transfer are all types of RNA

50. t RNA and mRNAduring protein synthesis