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Understanding Cell Structure and Function: Key Organelles and Their Roles in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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This guide explores the fundamental structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, detailing the roles of non-membrane bound components such as the cell wall, ribosomes, and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Learn about selective permeability, how cells communicate with their environment, and the importance of the cytoskeleton in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement. Additionally, discover the functions of the endomembrane system, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes in macromolecule transport and cellular digestion.

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Understanding Cell Structure and Function: Key Organelles and Their Roles in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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  1. Cell Structure & Function Organizing Principles

  2. Supramolecular Structures: All found in prokaryotic cells & eukaryotic cells, not membrane bound

  3. Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane • Selective permeability • Communication with the external environment • Recognition of self vs. non-self

  4. Ribosomes • Site of protein synthesis • Formed from two sub-units (large & small) • Free in cytosol or bound to endoplasmic reticulum

  5. Cell Wall • Found in all organisms except animals & a few protista • Made of different macromolecules in different kingdoms • Protects cell, maintains cell shape, & prevents excessive water uptake • Allows turgor pressure to develop

  6. Double Membrane Bound Organelles • These are all prokaryotic in origin. • They have their own DNA and ribosomes • Reproduce by binary fission • Are killed by antibiotics • All easily seen in the light microscope

  7. Mitochondria • Site of cellular respiration

  8. Chloroplast • Site of photosynthesis

  9. Nucleus • Holds DNA • Makes ribosomes in a specialized region called the nucleolus • Transcribes DNA • Replicates DNA

  10. Endomembrane System • These structures work together to make, process and transport all macromolecules in a region separate from the cytosol • Only seen with TEM

  11. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Endoplasmic (within the cytoplasm) • Reticulum (little net) • Makes, sequesters and folds proteins for export or transport • Packages proteins in vesicles to send to the Golgi Apparatus • Attaches carbohydrates to • proteins

  12. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Makes and packages polysaccharides and lipids (with enzymes) • Packages polysaccharides and lipids in vesicles • Detoxifies many poisons

  13. Golgi Apparatus • Receives proteins from the RER and adds oligosaccharides to proteins • Tags vesicles for proper delivery and sends them out for shipment

  14. Lysosomes • Specialized vesicles made from the golgi that break down old organelles, foreign materials, bacteria and viruses

  15. Cytoskeleton (Broad Category) • Creates internal structure and allows for movement internally and externally

  16. Microtubules • Big tubes • Move chromosomes & vesicles • Provide internal support

  17. Microfilaments • Small tubes • Move vesicles • Create muscle contractions (actin & myosin)

  18. Centrioles • Barrel shaped • Anchor spindle fibers • Made of a collection of microtubules

  19. Basal Bodies • Barrel shaped • Anchor cilia and flagella • Made of a collection of microtubules

  20. Cilia • Shorter versions of flagella • Move cells or beat to create currents • Made of a collection of microtubules

  21. Flagella • Longer than cilia • Used for the movement of one cell • Made of a collection of microtubules

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