Johdatus ympäristöpolitiikkaan – Introduction to environmental policy

1. Johdatus ympäristöpolitiikkaan – Introduction to environmentalpolicy Janne I. Hukkinen, ympäristöpolitiikan professori Valtiotieteellinen tdk Bio- ja ympäristötieteellinen tdk Maatalous-metsätieteellinen tdk, Helsingin yliopisto janne.i.hukkinen@helsinki.fi

2. Outline • Background to environmental policy • What is environmental policy? • Evolution of environmental issues • What is sustainability? • Rules that guide environmental policy • Environmental institutions • Systems of environmental regulation • Environmental policy tools • Impact assessment and life cycle analysis • Eco-efficiency tools • Outlook on sustainability • Economic growth and the environment

3. What is environmentalpolicy? • Environmentalpolitics: The art of conductingpublicenvironmentalaffairs • Environmentalpolicy: Planorcourse of action with which an organizationpursuessustainabilitybytransformingitself, itsoperationsoritsenvironment • Environmentalpolity: A particularorganizational and institutionalframeworkpursuing a specificenvironmentalpolicy

4. Evolution of environmental issues (www.earthportal.org/forum/?cat=28; janne hukkinen; www.solcomhouse.com/nuclear.htm; www.ew.govt.nz/enviroinfo/air/climatechange.htm)

5. Evolution of environmental issues

6. What is sustainability? Raise or lower water level in lake?

7. What is sustainability? Sustainability is a set of preferred pathways of development • socially constructed by people: Different social groups hold well-reasoned but different views of sustainability—difficult to choose ‘correct’ or ‘optimal’ • objectively constrained by ecology: Ecosystem may have several locally stable, ecologically sustainable states • Which path to choose? Deliberate!

8. Outline • Background to environmental policy • Rules that guide environmental policy • Environmental institutions • Systems of environmental regulation • Environmental policy tools • Outlook on sustainability

9. Rules that guide environmental policy: environmental institutions

10. Systems of environmental regulation • command and control • agreements • economic instruments • Taxes • Tradeable pollution permits • organizational reform

11. Command and control technological performance standards effluent standards ambient standards

12. Economic instruments Technosystem Ecosystem

13. Outline • Background to environmental policy • Rules that guide environmental policy • Environmental policy tools • Impact assessment and life cycle analysis • Eco-efficiency tools • Outlook on sustainability

14. Environmental policy tools: Impact assessment • Analytical framework to minimize potential adverse social and ecological impacts of new developments at the planning, design, and development stage • Difference between social and ecological impact assessment: • revealing possibility of social impact will alter social behavior • no such link between ecosystem impact and ecosystem behavior

15. Environmental policy tools: Impact assessment (Leopold matrix) Mij = Effect: magnitude of impact i caused by activity j (-10…10) Iij = Significance: importance of impact i caused by activity j (1…10)

16. ECOSOCIAL IMPACTS energy energy extract Life cycle analysis matter matter transport manufacture distribute use dispose ECOSOCIAL IMPACTS

17. Indicators of eco-efficiency • eco-efficiency, material efficiency (service/material intensity) • MIPS (material intensity/service) • ecological rucksack (weight of natural resources used to produce product) • ecological footprint (land area required to produce product) • In all indicators life cycle analysis used as analytical tool • Challenge: Rebound effect

18. Outline • Background to environmental policy • Rules that guide environmental policy • Environmental policy tools • Outlook on sustainability • Economic growth and the environment

19. Ehrlich and Holdren: I=PAT, where Impact (kg), Population (cap), Affluence (eur/cap), Technology (kg/eur) (NOTE: this is MIPS) CO2 goal: Stabilize I in 40 yrs What does it look like out there? Affluence (1960-2008) Population (1800-2100) Technology MIPS (1980-2006)

20. What does it look like out there? • Trend of past 40 yrs: • P up, • A up, • T only modestly down • Prognosis for next 40 yrs: • P up • A up • T down radically? • Need to take degrowth (A down) seriously!

21. Degrowthwillhappen, wantitornot – therefore:(Jackson 2009; Latouche 2007; Hukkinen 2010) • Absolutelimits to use of naturalresources and ecosystemservices • Investment in greeninfrastructure and work • Limits on drivers of consumption (advertising, bankloans) • Development of indicators for GDP, well-being and happiness • Worksharing and limiting • Advancingsocio-economicequality (min and maxwages) • Non-profitorganizationalexperiments • North-Southequalization • Ecologicaltaxreform • Macro-economics for the reality of absoluteecosystemlimits

22. Lukupaketti • Hukkinen, J.I. (2012) Sietämätön kohtuutalous. Elämää velaksi vai luonnonvaratalouden nousu? in P. Borg (ed.) Polkuja metsään. Helsinki: Into Kustannus, pp. 213-219. • Hukkinen, J.I. (2011) Ihmiskunnan pelastaminen on jokaisen vastuulla, in P. Harju-Autti, A. Neuvonen, L. Hakkarainen (eds) Ympäristötietoisuus—suomalaiset 2010-lukua tekemässä. Helsinki: Ympäristöministeriö ja Rakennustieto, pp. 20-29. • Hukkinen, J. (2004) Läsnäolo luonnonvarojen kestävän käytön edellytyksenä, in J. Heinonen, G. von Hertzen, O. Kuusi (eds) Nyt on ennen huomista—tutkielmia läsnäolosta. Saarijärvi: Gummerus, Ekosäätiö ja Syöpäsäätiö, pp. 157-174.