Romanticism in Music

1. Romanticism in Music • 1820-1900

2. Romantic Music in Society • Middle Class • Orchestras, operas, music societies • Subscription series • Virtuosos • Conservatories • Women • Home • Piano

3. Romantic Style Characteristics • Expression • Diverse rhythm • Greater dynamics • More tone color • Expressive melodies • Chromatic harmonies • Homophonic texture

4. Influences • Subjective Poetry • Literature • Supernatural • Medieval • Medieval • Painting • Nature • Fantasy

5. Nationalism and Exoticism • Nationalism:composers deliberately created music with a specific national identity, using the folk songs, dances, legends, and history of their homelands. (as opposed to the more universal character of classical music) • Exoticism:Use of melodies, rhythms or instruments that suggest foreign lands.

6. Program Music • Absolute Music:Music as Music. • Program Music:instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene

7. Piano • cast-iron frame • hammers covered with felt • expanded range • pedals

8. Franz Schubert Robert Schumann Clara Schumann Frèdèric Chopin Franz Liszt Felix Mendelssohn Johannes Brahms Hector Berlioz Bedrich Smetana Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky Giuseppe Verdi Richard Wagner Musicians

9. Musicians as "free artist” • conductor • teacher • critic • performer

10. The Art Song, or Lieder • art song or lieder: a composition for solo voice and piano. The accompaniment serves as an interpretive partner to the voice.

11. Lieder makers • Composers • Franz Peter Schubert • Robert Schumann • Johannes Brahms • Poets • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe • Heinrich Heine

12. Lieder - forms • strophic form:uses the same music for each stanza of the poem • through-composed form:uses new music for each stanza. • The Song Cycle:Romantic art songs grouped in a set.

13. Franz Peter Schubert

14. Franz Schubert • b. Vienna • father was a schoolmaster • choirboy at the court chapel, scholarship to the Imperial Seminary. • taught at father's school briefly • bohemian life • composed for the cultivated middle class; he did not mingle with the aristocracy.

15. Schubert - Music • 600 lieder (songs) • 9 symphonies • Symphony #8, the Unfinished • Symphony #9, The Great C Major • string quartets (and other chamber music) • sonatas (and other short pieces for piano) • masses • operas

16. Listening:Erlkönig • "He paced up and down several times with the book; suddenly he sat down, and in no time at all (just as quickly as he could write) there was the glorious ballad finished on the paper.” • Text by Goethe • Acc. conveys the horse's hoofs • Four characters

17. Erlkönig

18. Robert Schumann

19. Robert Schumann • b. Zwickau, Germany • Law at the Leipzig University • @20, piano studies - Prof. Frederick von Wieck • Don't worry about my finger, I can compose without it.” • Clara

20. Robert Schumann • New Journal of Music - founder and editor • reviews of new composers such as Chopin and Berlioz • Suicide attempt; asylum @44

21. Robert Schumann - Music • Programmatic piano works • Lieder (art songs) • 4 symphonies • chamber music

22. Listening: Estrella • A B A form

23. Clara Wieck Schumann • b. Leipzig, Germany • Child prodigy • Pianist • Married Robert Schumann • Close friend of Brahms • Performing artist • Stopped composing at 36

24. Clara - Music • Lieder • piano pieces • piano concerto • piano trio (piano, violin, and cello) • Romances

25. Listening: • Romance in E-flat Minor for Piano, Op. 11, No. 1 • Romanze – short lyrical piece for piano. • Ternary form • ABA

26. Frederic Francois Chopin • b. Warsaw, Poland • Warsaw Conservatory • Pianist

27. Frédéric François Chopin Tour of Europe to Paris @21 • Friends with the artistic elite • Performed in Aristocratic Salons • Piano teacher to the daughters of the rich • George Sand, aka Aurore Dudevant • Died of tuberculosis @ 39

28. Chopin - Salon Music • Prélude:a short introductory piece • Nocturne: (night piece), a slow, lyrical, intimate composition for piano • Listening:Nocturne in E Flat Major, Op. 9, No. 2 • Étude:a study piece designed to help a performer master specific technical difficulties • Listening:Etude in C Minor, Op. 10, No. 12 • Revolutionary

29. Chopin – Polish Dances • not meant for ballroom dancing • Mazurka • Polonaise • Listening: Polonaise in A-Flat Major, Op. 55

30. Esterhaza, Hungary Studied in Vienna and met Schubert Beethoven Paris Nicolò Paganini - violin virtuoso Chopin - "The Poet of the Piano” Franz Liszt

31. Liszt • Touring piano virtuoso - Greatest of his day • Weimar - court conductor, composer. • taught pianists free • supported Wagner's works • Biography of Chopin

32. Liszt - Mistresses • Countess Marie d'Agoult • Cosima • Princess Carolyne Sayn-Wittgenstein • Rome: Abbé Liszt • "Liszt was what a prince ought to be."

33. Liszt - Music • Piano Music - Transcendental Etudes • created the Symphonic Poem or Tone Poem:a one-movement orchestral composition based to some extent on literary or pictorial ideas. • Faust Symphony • Dante Symphony

34. Listening:Transcendental Étude No. 10 in F Minor • dedicated to Carl Czerny • "Studies in storm and dread meant to be played by, at most, ten or twelve players in the world." Robert Schumann • ABC B' A’ form

35. Liszt and Friends

36. Program Music: • Program Music: instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea or scene. • Program symphony: • Concert overture: • Symphonic poem or tone poem: • Incidental Music:

37. Program symphony: • a symphony (with several movements) with a program.

38. Concert overture: • one movement, in sonata form, not intended to usher in a stage work. An independent composition.

39. Symphonic poem or tone poem: • a one-movement orchestral composition based to some extent on literary or pictorial ideas

40. Incidental Music: • music to be performed before and during a play

41. Hamburg, Germany prominent/wealthy Jewish family gifted musician and artist Overture to “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” Felix Mendelssohn

42. Listening:Overture to “A Midsummer Night's Dream” • Sonata Allegro Form • Enchanted Forest - introduction • Wood Nymphs - First Theme • King Oberon's Court - Bridge • Lovers - Second Theme • Actors and Donkey - Closing • Later added incidental music including the Wedding March

43. Leipzig • Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra conductor • @20 - Bach's St. Matthew Passion rekindled interest in Bach • Performed as pianist, organist, and conductor • Leipzig Conservatory founder/president • Conventional private life • Died of a stroke at 38

44. Music • all forms except opera • Violin Concerto in E Minor • Midsummer Night's Dream Overture • Hebrides Overture • 4 Symphonies • Italian Symphony • Scotch Symphony • Elijah (oratorio) • Chamber music

45. Hector Berlioz • b. near Grenoble, France • son of a physician, study medicine • Paris Conservatory • Prix de Rome • Symphonie fantastique • 1st Program Symphony • Music Journalist • Died embittered at 65

46. Music • Most for orchestra • Symphonie fantastique: 1st Program Symphony • Romeo and Juliet • The Damnation of Faust, opera and oratorio • Les Troyans • Requiem, "I have seen one man listening in terror shaken to the depths of his soul, while his next neighbor could not catch an idea ....”

47. Symphonie fantastique • Fourth movement, • "March to the Scaffold” • Harriet Smithson • idée fixe: a melody which represents a person, place or thing, (a musical noun) • the beloved • descending march to the scaffold • march through the street

48. Listening*: Movement V, "Dream of a Witches' Sabbath” • the beloved caricaturized • Funeral knell, Dies irae • Witches' dance

49. Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Music • nationalism: Inclusion of folk songs, dances, legends, and other national material in a composition to associate it with the composer's homeland. • Chopin, Poland • Edvard Grieg, Norway • Jean Sibelius, Finland • Smetana and Dvorak, Bohemia • Tchaikovsky, Russia • Verdi, Italy • Wagner, Germany

50. Russia (The Five) • Mily Balakirev • César Cui • Alexander Borodin • Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov • Modest Mussorgsky