Microprocessor-based Systems

1. Microprocessor-based Systems Prof. Dr. eng. Sebestyen Gheorghe Computers Department gheorghe.sebestyen@cs.utcluj.ro

2. Content • Introduction: short history &some concepts • The main structure of a computer: CPU, ALU, instruction execution strategies • Microprocessors • Specialized microprocessors (microcontrollers and DSPs) • Communication Buses • Memory design • Memory hierarchies (cache, virtual memory) • Input/Output interfaces • Interrupt system • Direct memory access • Advanced computer architectures: • RISC • parallel and distributed systems

3. References • Dancea I, - Calculatoare electronice – 1975 • Nedevschi S. - Microprocesoare – 1994 • Pusztai s.a, - Calculatoare numerice – Indrumator de lucrari de laborator • Sztoianov E.s.a. - De la poarta TTL la microprocesor - 1987 • Tanenbaum A.S. - Structured Computer Architecture –1990 • Gorgan D, Sebestyen G.- Arhitectura calculatoarelor – 1997 • Gorgan D. Sebestyen G. - Structura calculatoarelor – 2000 • Gorgan D. Sebestyen G. – Proiectarea calculatoarelor - 2005 • www.intel.com • www.ti.com • www.microchip.com • www. ??? AOA - The Art of Assembly Programming • Course and Labs on-line: • http://users.utcluj.ro/~sebestyen/cursuri_lab.htm

4. Short history • Generations 0 – mechanical computers – (??-1940) • ?? - abacus • 17th – 18 century – arithmetical computing devices • Pascal – device for adding and subtraction • Leibnitz – device for basic arithmetical operations (+,-,*,/) • 19th century - Ch. Babbage (Cambridge) – differential and than analytical machine (Ada Byron-prima programmer) • main parts: memory, computing unit, card reader and puncher • a computer like a mill – processing data is like processing materials • beginning of the 20th century • Konrad Zuse – electro-mechanical computers • basic elements: relays • John Athanasoff • proposed the binary counting system for computers • H. Aiken – Mark I, II • computers made of relays Ada Byron

5. First generation – 1945-55 • technology: electronic tubes • 1943-46 – P. Eckert & J. Mauchley – ENIAC – • the first functional computer !!!! • 18000 tubs, 1500 relays, 30 tones • J. von Neumann – IAS • the first scientist who wrote a book on computers • defined the classical computer model with 5 components: • memory, control unit, arithmetical and logical unit, input device(s), output device(s) • the idea of memorized program • Shanonn – information theory • defined the metrics for information: the bit • information = the opposite of entropy • Alan Turring – coding and decoding systems • Colossus – the Turring machine • other versions: EDVAC, ILLIAC, MANIAC, Wirlwind, UNIVAC • IBM 701,704,709 – first commercial computers • CIFA, MECIPT – Romanian versions

6. First computer generation Eckart&Mauchley John von Neumann UNIVAC Shanonn

7. First computer generation ENIAC ADVAC IBM 701

8. Second generation – 1955-65 • technology: transistor • Shockley&Brattain – first transistor (Bell labs) • first computer with transistors: TX-0 • IBM 7090 – transistorized version, IBM 1401 • Wirlwind – MIT • PDP-1, PDP-8, made by DEC company • CDC 6600 – first parallel computer • CETA, DACICC (Ghe. Farkas, L. Negrescu) – Romanian computers First transistor TX-0 PDP-1

9. 3rd generation – 1965-75 • technology: integrated circuits • computer families: • mainframes: IBM 360, IBM 370 • mini-computers: PDP 11 • Romanian computers: • Felix c-256, c-512, c-32 • Independent, Coral – clones of PDP-11 • improvements: • speed • reliability • small dimensions • high capacity memories (16k-512k) • new peripheral devices (floppy disk, hard disk) • display as operating consol (PDP11)

10. 3rd generation Apollo First integrated circuit Seymour – LOGO 1967 HP (1972) HP Computer

11. 4th generation 1975-90?? • technology: VLSI • advantages: speed, high integration ratio, high reliability, small costs and dimensions • first microprocessor - Intel 4004 !!!! • high capacity memory circuits: ROM, RAM, DRAM (1-16ko) • first microprocessor-based microcomputers • first computers for personal use: • home-computers: ZX81, Spectrum • PCs: IBM-PC, XT, AT, Apple, Machintosh • Romanian computers: • M18 series, PRAE, aMIC, Felix PC, Telerom-PC (Sebestyen, Electrosigma)

12. 4th generation Intel 4004 Apple IBM-PC

13. 4th generation Computer with TV set as display Portable computer (Osborn) IBM PS2 Motorola 68040

14. 4th generation Bill Gates Steve Jobs si Steve Wozniak

15. Microprocessor’s evolution

16. Microprocessor’s evolution • Other microprocessor families: • Motorola: 6800 (8 biti), 68000 (16 biti), 68020, 68030 (32 biti), 68040 • Zilog: Z80, Z8000 • Texas Instruments: - digital signal processors: TMS320c10/20/30/50/80 • Microchip: microcontrollers: PIC12/16/18 • MIPS, ARM, etc.

17. Moor’s law Pentium 4 Pentium ‘486 ‘386 ‘286 8086 8080 4004

18. Tendencies and perspectives • increase of integration ration • smaller switching elements (transistors): 45->35nm • increase of switching elements’ number • processors - over 1 billion de transistors • memory – over 64-512 billion • power reduction • intelligent power distribution • dynamic power control: energy where and when it is needed • frequency limitation • multi-core and multi-thread architectures • from 2 cores/chip to 128 cores and more • symmetric and asymmetric architectures (see Intel and Power PC) • network-on-chip • network communication inside the chip instead of parallel buses

19. Tendencies and perspectives • memory hierarchies • more cache memory levels (inside the processor) • virtual memory • access request anticipation • external memories of silicon • no more hard and floppy disks of DVDs, flash instead • multi-processor architectures • parallel architectures • distributed architectures • computer networks • Interne – an indispensable computer resource • wireless networks • mobile and portable computers: • laptops, graphic tablets • PDA, GPS • intelligent phones

20. Computer's performance parameters • Clock frequency, • Higher clock frequency = higher performance • Doubled every 24 month, until 2005 • Limited by the power consumption and disipation • Today – 2-3GHz • Number of Cycles Per Second – CPI • Number if clock cycles for executing an instruction • Older computers: 5-120 cycles • New processors: 1, 0.5, 0.25 CPI • Number of instructions per second • MIPS, FLOPS – million of instructions per second

21. Computer's performance parameters • Execution time of a program, • See Benchmarks • execution time of a transaction set • Read-modify-save operations executed on databases in a concurrent way • Memory capacity and speed • Gbytes, Tbytes • Access time: 70ns, 15ns, 0.1ns • I/O capabilities • HDD throughput • Communication performances • bandwidth and speed

22. Memory Memory μP Address Data Commands I/O interface I/O interface I/O dev. I/O dev. A microprocessor-based computer system • Simplified scheme:

23. Structure of a Personal Computer (PC) μP SVGA Mem Mem AGP Chipset N Net PCI Chipset S Keyboard Mouse

24. The multi-layer structure of a computer • more abstraction levels/layers • more access layers to the computer’s resources • virtual machines: • a programming language • a set of functionalities • ex: Java Virtual Machine, BASIC machine, etc. • why multi-layer: • easier and more efficient programming • different kind of users • complexity reduction through abstraction and functional decomposition

25. Multi-layered computer structure Application Translation and interpretation (aggregate, compile) High level language Translation (compile) Assembly language Translation (compile) Operating system Interpretation (System calls) ISA Conventional machine Interpretation (micro-program sequences) Microprogramming Decoding Translation Digital circuites/hardware Interpretation