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Drafting

Drafting. Organization & Synthesis. Organize Sources. As you gather research material, annotate each source: Highlight Marginal notes Notecards Written notes. Paraphrase. Don’t just copy key points – paraphrase them Copy quoted material from the original, not from your notes

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Drafting

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  1. Drafting Organization & Synthesis

  2. Organize Sources As you gather research material, annotate each source: • Highlight • Marginal notes • Notecards • Written notes

  3. Paraphrase • Don’t just copy key points – paraphrase them • Copy quoted material from the original, not from your notes • Use direct quotes sparingly – prefer paraphase

  4. Analysis

  5. Synthesis

  6. Synthesis in Practice Source: Committee on Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years, National Research Council.Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years

  7. Organize Draft Two levels of organization: • Paragraph structure: One main point (topic sentence) per paragraph • Overall structure: Topic sentences all support thesis

  8. Essay Structure Thesis Topic 1 Support Support Support Topic 2 Support Support

  9. Overall Organization • Each topic should develop the thesis • Ordered by • Importance • Most to least important • Least to most important • Sequence (chronological) • Logic • General to specifics (Deduction) • Specifics to general (Induction)

  10. Introduction • The overall organization should be evident in the introduction • If you mention three main points, they should be in the order in which they appear in the essay • Write the introduction last

  11. Paragraph Structure • Within paragraphs (or sections of paragraphs), one main idea should be evident • Explicit or implicit topic sentence • The main idea should be your synthesis of key points from sources • Most paragraphs should have more than one source of support

  12. Incorporating Sources • Prefer paraphrase for short passages • Use summary for lengthy material • Quote only when necessary: • Source is very well phrased and eloquent • Source is one with which you disagree

  13. Signal Phrases • Use signal phrases to introduce sources material, especially quotes • “According to . . .” • Use the signal phrase to give context and authority • Always use signal phrase before a block quote

  14. Mechanics • Short quote Signal phrase, “quoted material.”1 Signal phrase, “quoted material” (citation). • Long quote Signal clause (independent clause): Quoted material of at least three lines, indented five spaces. (citation)

  15. Blended quotes Blended quotes work as part of the sentence: Several researchers point the “the prevalence of obesity in children . . .”

  16. Adding and Deleting • If you change anything in a quote, you must indicate the change: • Ellipsis indicate a deletion • … for a deletion within a sentence • …. For a deletion of a sentence or more • Brackets indicate an addition • “When I last spoke with him [Mr. Smith] . . .” • [sic] indicates an error in the original

  17. Sample Papers http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/

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