Starter

1. Starter What indicators make the HDI? What indicators make up the PQLI?

2. Reasons for differences in development

3. We are learning… • Reasons for differences in development levels I Can… • List differences between developed and developing countries • List some of the physical and human factors affecting development • Explain how physical and human factors affect development

4. Global variations in development The world is divided into economically developed or developing countries. Shown below:

7. Global variations in development Task Using one of the 3 sources from the previous slides, write a paragraph describing differences in development between developed and developing countries – be ready to feedback to the class

8. Physical Factors

9. Physical Factors

10. Physical Factors

11. Human Factors As we have seen, some countries find it difficult to develop because of their physical environment, but there are many states that have overcome the problems of a harsh environment and enjoy high standard of living. Such countries include Japan, Finland, Switzerland, Canada and Australia. There must, therefore be other factors (human) that help to explain differences in development levels around the world.

12. Human Factors Population Growth As can be seen from the table below, population is rising seven times faster in developing than in developed countries • This gives poorer countries two sets of problems: • In the countryside, farms become smaller due to increased number of people who need land – so farms produce less food • In the cities, authorities cannot provide enough houses, schools, hospital beds and jobs for the increasing population - shanty

13. Human Factors Industrialisation The table below shows there are far fewer factories and offices in developing countries than in developed countries. Factories and offices produce profits that increase a country’s wealth. They also employ many people, providing them with a regular wage. Without industry, a country finds it very difficult to develop. Despite lack of industry, population is increasing – this means more are unemployed and have low standard of living.

14. Human Factors Industrialisation Factories and offices are less likely to set up in developing countries because there are few people there who are rich enough to buy their products. So the goods have to be transported great distances to be sold, which increases costs. The roads and railways are also poorer and there are fewer banks from which to borrow money. With fewer secondary schools and universities, there are not many people with the necessary skills to work in a modern office. Although some industries are found in poorer countries, they are often foreign-owned (multi-national companies), so the profits do not stay in that country to increase its wealth.

15. Human Factors Trade With few factories, most developing countries have only primary goods to export (such as crops and minerals). Their prices are generally low and also fluctuate greatly.

16. Human Factors Trade Developing countries need to import manufactured goods, but they are expensive and generally rise in price. The money they receive for their exports doesn’t cover what they need for imports. This means they cannot afford to provide enough services. It also means that over the years they have borrowed money from developed countries and are paying this back – this is money that could have been spent on improving people’s standard of living. Developing countries even find it hard to export the few goods that they do produce. This is because other countries put up trade barriers to protect their own industries. So developing countries may find that they are only allowed to export a limited number of goods to countries such as the USA (a quota) or find that a tax or tariff is put on their goods so that their price is too high for people to buy.