Anth 424 Andean Ethnology and Archaeology Lecture 20 17 Oct 2011

1. Anth 424Andean Ethnology and ArchaeologyLecture 2017 Oct 2011 MWF 12:20P – 1:10P 209 Chambers Bldg 

2. Late Preceramic, what do I need to know—the bottom line • Be able to name some lowland and highland sites • Lowland: Caral, Aspero, Bandurria, Los Morteros, Salinas de Chao, HuacaPrieta, El Paraiso. • Highland: La Galgada, Kotosh, Piruru, Haruicoto. • Describe some basic similarities and differences • Generally large size • Open spaces vs. more closed spaces • What site appears to “Preview” the Initial Period?

3. “Monumental” Architecture • Valdivia, Real Alto, Loma Alta (3500-3000 BC) • Ecuador • Plaza Hundida (Sunken Plaza) Tradition • Northern Peru • Kotosh Tradition • Central highland valleys • Supe Tradition • North-Central Coast • El Paraiso Tradition (U-shaped) • South-Central Coast

4. El Paraiso http://gigapan.org/gigapans/7b5db74f785d4885f1fd2a32f8c03229/

5. Introduction of pottery part of a larger set of changed that occurred at El Paraiso. • Sites placed more inland adjacent to agricultural lands and further from the ocean. • Plant foods came to dominate diet • Canal irrigation probably became more widespread

6. Initial Period Coast • Pottery introduced ca. 2000 BC • Watershed moment • Ubiquitous • Durable • Temporally diagnostic • Cultural “marker” or ethic identifier (style)

8. Why the shifts? • Why the shift inland? • Population growth? • Coastal uplift? • Why so slow to adopt pottery? • Shortage of fuel? • Little dependence on agriculture? As this increased, pottery was adopted ca. 2000 BC? • Some Preceramic figurines were baked, so people knew about firing pottery. • Early Peruvian pottery stylistically very different than Ecuadorian pottery. Simple diffusion unlikely. Burger suggests independent invention.

9. El Paraiso has basic U-shaped layout • Orientation foreshadowed • Initial period U-shaped mound probably developed out of El Paraiso • Initial Period U-shaped mounds larger and main mound larger

10. Sites with Early pottery • Ica: • Erizo • Rimac: • Ancon (painted black) • Huaca La Florida (broad incisions) • Viru • HuacaNegra • Santa • Huaricoto (Toril style) • Similar to La Galgada and coastal styles (Early Guanape, Viru).

11. Toril Style Pottery: Local Invention • Forms • Bowls • Neckless ollas • Decoration: fire clouding, burnishing marks, uneven, quartz tempered, often with cracking due to expansion of crystals • Context: At La Galgada between Preceramic and late Initial Period styles which are much better executed. This lends support to in situ development hypothesis.

12. Wairajirca Style: Diffusion? • Kotosh and Shillacoto • Elaborate • Probably drew upon evolved pottery tradition, probably from the tropical forest to the east • Surface adornment common • Hatching filled with red, white, and yellow pigments • Designs bear similarities to pottery from Central Ucayali at the Cave of the Owls. Lathrap, D. W. and L. Roys (1963). "The Archaeology of the Cave of the Owls in the Upper Montana of Peru." American Antiquity 29(1): 27-38. Collections from an unusual cave site in the Peruvian Montana near Tingo Maria are placed on record along with the circumstances under which they were obtained. The ceramic materials seem to represent two components. The more common of these, designated Cave of the Owls Fine Ware, would appear to have been contemporary with Kotosh II in the Huanuco Basin and with Late Tutishcainyo of the long ceramic sequence established for Yarinacocha near Pucallpa. A date of around 200 or 300 B.C. is suggested. The other ceramics, designated Monzon Coarse Ware, show strong similarities to the later part of the Yarinacocha sequence and probably date after A.D. 1000.

13. Early Pottery in Northern Highlands • Pandanche, near Pacopampa (North Highlands) • Pottery found between Preceramic and late Initial Period layers (like at Kotosh, Shillacoto, and Hauricoto) • Pottery consists of simple forms similar to coastal styles • Carinatedglobular cooking pots and jars with convex curved necks. Fine burnishing designs and finger impressed appliqué strips. • Most closely resembles Valdivia 8 and early Machalilla

14. Initial Period Architectural traditions • U-shaped pyramid complex first recognized by Carlos Williams (1971). • Lurin, Rimac, Chillon, Chancay, and Huaura Valleys with some isolated instances in Supe and Pativilca. • At least 20 sites known, but few studied in detail. • Sites considerably larger than Late Preceramic

15. Common Formal Features • Large central mound • Two lateral arms • Arms always of different size • Single opening between central pyramid and one of the lateral arms • Stairway leads to large central mound • Summit structures composed of elaborately decorated chambers • Between Lurin and Chancay, all known U-shaped complexes oriented between 13-64 degrees E of N.

16. El Paraiso has basic U-shaped layout • Orientation foreshadowed • Initial period U-shaped mound probably developed out of El Paraiso • Initial Period U-shaped mounds larger and main mound larger

17. Mounds composed of superimposed layers • Lateral extension of retaining walls and filling of the gaps. • Filling of summit structures and placement of new chambers on top. • Earlier structures rarely show damage • New structures replicate designs of earlier buildings

18. Cosmology of the U • Parallel arms express opposing and complementary forces in society and the cosmos • The central building at the apex of the U represents the synthesis of these opposing forces • The plaza is the field of mediation between opposing cosmic domains and the central mound is the point of synthesis and resolution. • Dual moiety meeting in tinku…

19. La Florida • One of the oldest dated “classic” U-shaped center from the Central Coast • Some of the earliest pottery known for the Central Coast • No temporal break between abandonment of El Paraiso and initiation of La Florida • Site may have only been used for several centuries

20. Gargay • 8km inland in the lower Rimac. Central plaza : 16ha, 9ha • Central mound a stepped flat-topped pyramid with steep plastered stone walls. 23 m tall. • Lateral arms 6 and 9m in height (not the same size) • Site excavated by Isbell and Ravines. Radiocarbon dates 1643-897 BC. Middle Initial Period, probably after the abandonment of Huaca La Florida. • Vestibule formed at the base of the main mound. • Steep stairway ascends the main mound and lead to an opening that overlooks the massive plaza. • A votive offering from the summit bears strong resemblance to the Chavin staff god.

21. Gargay

22. Gargay Figure grasping circular shield

23. Cardal • Lurin Valley, 15 km from coast and 37m southeast of Gargay • 26 radiocarbon dates indicate an occupation spanning from 1300-900 BC. Roughly contemporary with Gargay. • Ceremonial road from the northeast approaches the central axis of the site • Road passes between two large rectangular enclosures and two sunken circular courts before reaching the central plaza. • Across the plaza, stairs ascend to the summit of the central pyramid. Two black lines on the middle staircase reinforce the site centerline. • The stairs are so steep and narrow they would have been almost impossible to climb. The fact that the stairs are in exceptional condition indicates that they were probably seldom used.

24. At least 5 construction phases detected based on superimposed stairs. • Summit structure had a large mouth band with fangs. It is best viewed from below in the plaza. • Stepped alters found in summit structure. These resemble step-fret or step-block ceramic motif. • Below, 8 circular sunken plazas ring the other edge of the mounds.

26. Main Mound at Carda Central staircase

27. Cardal Ground Plan

28. Sunken Circular Plazas at Cardal

29. Households behind Main Mound

30. Mina Perdida

31. Mina Perdida

32. Large architecture must have required many people. • Large population and stable economy. • Incorrect to view these public works as “inevitable” outcome of productive economy and dense populations. • Social mechanisms must have existed to motivate public works.

33. Types of Initial Period Sites • Large public architecture • La Florida, Gargay, Cardal • Shoreline villages • Ancon and Curayacu • Inland hamlets • Chillaco and Palma (Mid-section of Lurin) • Settlements linked by exchange networks • Ancon has many domesticated plant foods but no arable land in vicinity nor evidence of agricultural technology. • Inland sites contain large quantities of marine resources but are relatively far from the ocean. No fishing equipment found at these sites.

34. Small hamlets • Well situated for the cultivation of coca and chili • Some mid-valley sites likely communities specialization production of agricultural items for exchange. • Both sites located 50km from ocean but had many marine products.

35. Small civic-ceremonial sites in mid-valley locations • Lurin • Malpaso (or Piedra Liza): lacks U-shaped configuration and “normal” orientation. • Rimac • Yanacoto • Santa Rosa de Quives • Chillon • Chocas: resembles U-shaped configuration but lacks “normal” orientation.

36. Large sties and agricultural land • Scale of irrigable land appears to correlate with the scale of Initial Period large architecture. • Chancayand Rimac has largest annual discharge and largest expanse of cultivated land • These valleys have the largest Initial Period pyramids. • The smaller Chillon and Lurin valleys have smaller sized complexes. • Larger valleys may have supported larger populations and thus more labor.

37. Wittfogel and others attempt to explain the origins of Peruvian civilization on the basis of administrative demands of irrigation. • In Peru, small hydraulic systems would not have required large bureaucracy for construction and maintenance • Still, social dimensions of water management may have influenced the trajectory of development. • Irrigation canal requires more labor than a single household can supply. • Canals require regular repair and cleaning. • Supra-household cooperation required for construction and maintenance.

38. The question of Maize • At Ancon, Maize first appears in Initial Period levels. • Occurs fully developed • Maize present but not common in Initial Period refuse

39. Ancon Burials: Fishing Village • Separate community cemetery: Most individuals buried with few goods. Single individual with cebus monkey, mica flakes, stone bead pendant, colored feathers • Apart from cemetery: Woman buried with several fetuses, undecorated bowl, and baskets. • Dedicatory offering: under a semi-subterranean stone structure. Small child 3-5yr buried under a corner of the structure. Eyes removed and replaced with mica, stomach replaced with gourd, heart replaced with quartz crystal.

40. Ancon Pottery Zoned Bichrome Neckless Olla Blackware Bowl

41. Cardal Burials: Civic Ceremonial Center • Community Cemetery: penultimate atrium of central mound. 16 individuals buried face down, cooking pots, and spindle whorls. One adult male adorned with necklace of sea lion incisors and red-painted bone ear spools. • These individuals varied by sex and age. • Underscores the link between community and labor • Burials behind the mound: isolated, individuals buried with few goods typically used cooking pot and spindle whorl. In one case, an individual was buried with a stone clod breaker.

42. Ancon and Cardal burials • Individuals with greater prestige were found. • Differences not great. • Prestige does not necessarily mean hierarchy • Avenues of access to prestige unknown • Kinship? • Personal achievement? • Sacred knowledge? • In some societies, spiritual practitioners are drawn from the population at a young age. • Kogi, Colombia • Buddhist monks, Tibet • During Initial Period, it is clear that people in positions of prestige were not able to capitalize on status differences to much of a degree.