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Comprehensive Review of Open Channel Flow & Water Quality Objectives

Explore Manning’s Equation for sanitary/stormwater systems, water quality laws, acronyms, and major regulations. Learn about water quality standards, pollution control, NPDES, and industrial runoff. Understand concepts like multiple barriers, biological and chemical water quality, NPDES, and groundwater management.

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Comprehensive Review of Open Channel Flow & Water Quality Objectives

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  1. CTC 450 Review • Open Channel Flow (Manning’s Equation) • Applicable to sanitary/stormwater systems

  2. Water Quality

  3. Objectives • Understand basic laws protecting water sources • Know some of the water quality acronyms

  4. Major Laws • 1914-Public Health Service first established drinking water standards • 1948-Water Pollution Control Act (amendments 1956 and 1965) • 1972-Clean Water Act (CWA)---(NPDES) • 1974-Safe Drinking Water Act • 1987-Water Quality Act (amendment to CWA) • Phase I stormwaterregs (1990) • Industrial site runoff • Construction sites > 5 acres • Phase II stormwaterregs (1999) • Construction sites > 1 acre • NOI/SWPPP

  5. Definitions • MCLG-maximum contaminant level goal • (non-enforceable) • MCL-Max. contaminant level • (enforceable) • MRDLG-max. residual disinfectant level goal • MRDL-max. residual disinfectant level

  6. Concept of Multiple Barriers • Protect Watershed • Treat Water • Disinfect Water • Operate distribution system at high pressure

  7. Biological Quality • No pathogens • Coliform tests

  8. Chemical Quality (Table 5-1) • Inorganics • VOC’s (volatile organic chemicals) • Synthetic organic chemicals • Disinfection by-products (THM’s) • Radionuclides (natural or artificial)

  9. Secondary Standards • Aesthetics • See table 5-3 • Aluminum • Chloride • Color • Copper • Corrosivity • Fluoride • Foaming agents • Others

  10. NPDES • National pollution discharge elimination system • Permit program for point sources • Self monitoring • EPA – responsible for implementation • States often take over primary functions (SPDES)

  11. Outfall Number 1

  12. Effluent Standards • BOD & SS < 30 mg/l • pH between 6 and 9 • Monitoring of receiving water is important • Specific chemicals can be controlled

  13. Industrial Pretreatment Program • Industrial discharges can cause problems • Municipal treatment plants may require pretreatment

  14. Groundwater • 140,000 public water systems • 100 million people

  15. Groundwater Quality • Point sources (wastewater ponds, landfills, refuse piles, buried storage tanks, deep injection well) • Management of groundwater quality • Prevention • Monitoring • Abatement • Once pollutants enter the groundwater, it is difficult to fix (not technically or economically feasible)

  16. Discharge to Seawater • Must provide outfall • Must protect water contact and noncontact uses • See effluent quality limits for ocean discharge, Table 5-6

  17. History of Water Treatment • Designing Against Disease • Filtration (1893) • Chlorination (1919)

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