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History of digital computers

History of digital computers. HISTORY of DIGITAL COMPUTERS. Before Digital Computers Early Systems Contemporary systems. Before Digital Computers. The Abacus Napier’s Bones Pascal’s Arithmetic Machine Leibniz and the Stepped Reckoner Jaquard’s Loom Babbage’s Analytical Engine

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History of digital computers

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  1. History of digital computers

  2. HISTORY of DIGITAL COMPUTERS • Before Digital Computers • Early Systems • Contemporary systems

  3. Before Digital Computers • The Abacus • Napier’s Bones • Pascal’s Arithmetic Machine • Leibniz and the Stepped Reckoner • Jaquard’s Loom • Babbage’s Analytical Engine • Lady Lovelance • Boolean Logic • Hollerith’s Punched-Card Tabulating Machine • Powers and the Simultaneous Punching Machine

  4. Bead at center counts 5 counts 1 0 0 7 2 3 0 1 8 9 The Abacus • 3000 B.C. until now used by the Chinese

  5. Napier’s Bones • 1615 Scottish John Napier invented a computing device that facilitated multiplications and divisions • 1620 the principle was used to invent the first slide rule • The slide rule disappeared in the 1970’s by introducing the electronic calculator

  6. Pascal’s Arithmetic Machine • 1642 Blaise Pascal (19 years old) designed the Pascal’s arithmetic machine. • Via wheels and gears calculations were possible. • Principle nowadays still used in automobile odometers to record mileage. • The machine revealed to the public in 1645 was not a success because it required considerable skill to operate. • The machine performed +, -, *, /

  7. Pascal’s arithmetic machine

  8. Leibniz and the Stepped Reckoner • 1673 Gottfried Leibniz modified Pascal’s machine to perform * and / more directly. • Multiplication was implemented automatically via a number of additions. Divisions via a number of subtractions. • The machine turned complex arithmetic into a series of steps involving simpler operations.

  9. Stepped Reckoner

  10. Jaquard’s Loom • Major contribution to computer methods came from the weaving industry. • 1801 Joseph Marie Jacquard developed an attachment for weaving looms that used punched cards to “program” a loom to a specific pattern.

  11. Babbage’s Analytical Engine • 1830 Babbage worked on the Difference Machine which was abandoned in 1834 for the Analytical Engine. • The Analytical Engine was designed to have • a store to hold data and results of calculations • a mill was to be a central mechanism for performing mathematical operations • a systems of gears and levers was to transfer data back and forth between the store and the mill • the input/output unit was to read data from outside the machine into its store and display the results of the calculations • Effort stopped in 1842.

  12. Babbage

  13. Remake of Diff. Machine

  14. Lady Lovelance • 1842 Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelance, daughter of the poet Lord Byron, translated a paper on Babbage’s Analytical engine from French to English. • She made so much notes and examples which were later considered as the first computer programs. • The ADA programming language is named after her.

  15. Boolean Logic • The application of the binary system to computers was facilitated by work performed in the mid 1800s by George Boole. • 1854 publishing of the Principles of Boolean logic

  16. Hollerith’s Punched-Card Tabulating Machine (1) • US census every 10 years. Manual treatment took 7 years if only heads were counted. • tabulation of social, ethnic and economic data would take 12 years to treat manually. • John Billing suggested the used of punched cards for recording the facts and a machine to treat them. • Herman Hollerith (Billings’s associate) made the design which was patented on March 31, 1884.

  17. Hollerith’s Punched-Card Tabulating Machine (2) • The census of 1890 used the machine and took only 2,5 years to complete. • Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 which became the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company after a series of mergers. • In 1924, under the leading of J. Watson, Sr. the company was renamed International Business Machines (IBM) which is now the largest computer company.

  18. EARLY SYSTEMS • Aiken and the Harvard Mark I • Atanasoff and the ABC • Mauchly, Eckert and the ENIAC • Von Neuman and the Stored Program Concept • Wilkes and the EDSAC • UNIVAC: the first commercial computer • IBM: the Giant Awakens

  19. Aiken and the Harvard Mark I • If Babbage had lived 75 years later, I would have been out of job. Howard Aiken • 1939 H. Aiken of Harvard University began working on a machine to perform scientific calculations faster. • IBM sponsored Aiken and the MARK I was completed in 1944 (IBM ASCC) • The first real computer was born. • the first general purpose digital electro-mechanical computer • The MARK I performed faithfully for 10 years.

  20. Mark I • 51 feet long, 8 feet high, 3 feet deep • weight: many tons • 3000 mechanical switches • 750.000 electronic components • 500 miles of wiring • Controlled by punched paper tape • Stored its numbers in mechanical switches • Used decimal numbers • Accuracy: 23 digits • 3 +/s, 1 * in 6 s, 1 / in 12 s

  21. Mark I

  22. Atanasoff and the ABC • 1942 John Vincent Atanasoff of Iowa State College and Clifford Berry (his graduate student) completed work on an electronic vacuum tube computer. • The Antony, Berry Computer (ABC) is the first electronic digital computer • Used the binary system • Designed for solving simultaneous equations

  23. Antanasof

  24. ABC

  25. Mauchly, Eckert and the ENIAC • John W. Mauchly of the University of Pennsylvania together with J. Presper Eckert, Jr. a graduate student, built the first electronic general purpose computer. • The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was funded by the U.S. Army as the need for computing accurate ballistic tables in WW II. • Completed in 1945.

  26. Eckert & Mauchly

  27. ENIAC • 1500 square feet of floor - 30 tons • 19.000 vacuum tubes • 500.000 soldered joints and no moving parts • Decimal arithmetic • in 1 sec: 5000 + or 300 * of 10 digit numbers • Needed a lot of power • Big problem to keep the machine working (vacuum tubes were relatively short-lived)

  28. ENIAC 150MHz Pentium Speed 5,000 additions / second 300,000,000 Memory 200 digits 16,000,000 Elements 18,000 vacuum tubes 6,000 switches 10,000 capcitors 70,000 resistors 1,500 relays 4,000,000 transistors (CPU) Size 10 feet tall x 1,800 square feet 9" x 12" x 3" Weight 30 tons 6 pounds

  29. Bug

  30. Von Neuman and the Stored Program Concept • 1946: John von Neumann joined Mauchly & Eckert and began working on an improved version of the ENIAC called EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). • von Neumann proposed that the program as well as the data it operated should be stored in the computer’s memory • perform a program from memory is much faster than performing it from punched cards. • This is one of the most important developments in the computer field in the 1900s

  31. Edvac

  32. Von Neuman

  33. Wilkes and the EDSAC • 1949 (before EDVAC) the first stored program computer was developed by Maurice Wilkes at the University of Cambridge in England: EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) • As soon as we started programming, we found to our surprise that is wasn’t as easy to get programs right as we had thought. Debugging had to be discovered. I can remember the exact instance when i realized that a large part of my life from then on was going to be spent in finding mistakes in my own program. • M. Wilkes at the opening of the Digital Computer Museum in Marlboro, Massachusetts (now in Boston) in 1979.

  34. Wilkes

  35. UNIVAC: the first commercial computer • 1946: Echert and Mauchly left the University of Pennsylvania to form Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation which was acquired by Remington Rand three years later. • Remington Rand intended for commercial data processing systems. • They delivered a computer called UNIVAC I in 1951 at the Bureau of Census in the US. • The computer was used reliably until 1963. • The UNIVAC I computer was used in 1952 to predict the election of Eisenhower with only 3 percent of the popular vote counted.

  36. Univac

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