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ANNOUNCEMENTS

ANNOUNCEMENTS. Test Avg = 17, range: 8 - 27 Brief syllabus Today – Ch 29 After break - Ch 30, 10 (photosynth), 35 - 39. Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land? Stomata – pores used for gas exchange

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ANNOUNCEMENTS

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  1. ANNOUNCEMENTS Test Avg = 17, range: 8 - 27 Brief syllabus Today – Ch 29 After break - Ch 30, 10 (photosynth), 35 - 39

  2. Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns • What adaptations do plants have for survival on land? • Stomata – pores used for gas exchange • Roots – absorb water & minerals from underground • Apical meristems – tips of shoots & roots where growth occurs • Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent water loss thru leaves • Jacketed gametangia – gamete producing organ with protective • jacket of cells to prevent dehydration • - Sporopollenin – polymer that formed around exposed zygotes & forms • walls of plant spores preventing dehydration • Lignin – structural polymer that provides strength for woody tissues

  3. Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns • What adaptations do plants have for survival on land? • What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution? • Movement to land led to Bryophytes (mosses & worts) • Tougher spores (sporopollenin) • Jacketed gametangia • Vascular tissue (ferns) • Cells joined to transport water & nutrients • Lacked seeds • Development of seeds (Gymnosperms) • More protection of embryo • Embryo w/ food • Development of flowers (Angiosperms) • Complex reproductive structure

  4. Land plants Vascular plants Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Seed plants Mosses Liverworts Hornworts Angiosperms Gymnosperms Charophyceans Pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) Origin of seed plants (about 360 mya) Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya) Origin of land plants (about 475 mya) Ancestral green alga Figure 29.7 Highlights of plant evolution

  5. Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns • What adaptations do plants have for survival on land? • What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution? • Movement to land led to Bryophytes (mosses & worts) • Tougher spores (sporopollenin) • Jacketed gametangia • Vascular tissue (ferns) • Cells joined to transport water & nutrients • Lacked seeds • Development of seeds (Gymnosperms) • More protection of embryo • Embryo w/ food • Development of flowers (Angiosperms) • Complex reproductive structure • What are bryophytes? • Non-vascular plants • Mosses & worts • Dominant life stage is haploid gametophyte • Reproductive structures • Male – antheridia – produce flagellated sperm • Female – archegonia – produce 1 egg (ovum)

  6. Raindrop Key Male gametophyte Haploid (n) Sperm Diploid (2n) Antheridia Egg Gametophore Arclegonia Femalegametophyte Rhizoid FERTILIZATION (within archegonium) Zygote Archegonium Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss

  7. Raindrop Key Male gametophyte Haploid (n) Sperm Diploid (2n) Antheridia Egg Gametophore Arclegonia Femalegametophyte Rhizoid Seta FERTILIZATION Capsule(sporangium) (within archegonium) Zygote Calyptra Maturesporophytes Embryo Foot Archegonium Youngsporophytes Femalegametophyte Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss

  8. Raindrop Key Male gametophyte Haploid (n) Sperm Diploid (2n) “Bud” Antheridia Protonemata “Bud” Egg Spores Gametophore Arclegonia Femalegametophyte Peristome Rhizoid Sporangium Seta FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS Capsule(sporangium) (within archegonium) Zygote Calyptra Maturesporophytes Mature sporophytes Embryo Foot Archegonium Youngsporophytes Femalegametophytes Capsule with peristome (LM) Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss

  9. LIVERWORTS (PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA) Gametophore of female gametophyte Plagiochila deltoidea, a “leafy” liverwort Foot Seta Sporangium Marchantia polymorpha, a “thalloid” liverwort Marchantia sporophyte (LM) 500 µm MOSSES (PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA) HORNWORTS (PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA) An Anthoceros hornwort species Polytrichum commune, hairy-cap moss Sporophyte Sporophyte Gametophyte Gametophyte Figure 29.9 Bryophyte Diversity

  10. (a) Peat being harvested from a peat bog Sporangium at tip of sporophyte Gametophyte Living photo- synthetic cells Dead water- storing cells 100 µm (c) Sphagnum “leaf” (LM). The combination of living photosynthetic cells and dead water-storing cells gives the moss its spongy quality. (d) “Tolland Man,” a bog mummy dating from 405–100 B.C. The acidic, oxygen-poor conditions produced by Sphagnum can preserve human or other animal bodies for thousands of years. Figure 29.10 Sphagnum, or peat moss: a bryophyte with economic, ecological, and archaeological significance Covers 3% of land Stabilizes greenhouse effect (b) Closeup of Sphagnum. Note the “leafy” gametophytes and their offspring, the sporophytes.

  11. Pick up syllabus Test corrections w/ scantron in the box Food transport – TODAY – all day & at 4:30 “extra credit” test – TOMORROW Are there any errors in grade record keeping??

  12. Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns • What adaptations do plants have for survival on land? • What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution? • What are bryophytes? • What are the characteristics of ferns (seedless vascular plants)? • Dominant life stage is sporophyte (2n) • Gametophyte is reduced • Sporophyte is branched • Vasculature • Xylem – transports water & minerals up from the ground • Has tracheids – tube-shaped cells for transport • Dead at maturity • Strengthened by lignin • Phloem • Transport sugars & other organic products from leaves downward • Living cells at maturity • Roots - anchorage, water & mineral transport • Let’s consider the life cycle…..

  13. Figure 29.12 The life cycle of a fern 1 Although this illustration shows an egg and sperm from the same gametophyte, a variety of mechanisms promote cross-fertilization between gametophytes. 3 The fern spore develops into a small, photosynthetic gametophyte. 2 Sporangia release spores. Most fern species produce a single type of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte. Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Antheridium Young gametophyte Spore MEIOSIS Sporangium Sperm Archegonium Egg New sporophyte Mature sporophyte Zygote Sporangium FERTILIZATION Sorus On the underside of the sporophyte‘s reproductive leaves are spots called sori. Each sorus is a cluster of sporangia. 6 Fern sperm use flagella to swim from the antheridia to eggs in the archegonia. 4 Gametophyte A zygote develops into a new sporophyte, and the young plant grows out from an archegonium of its parent, the gametophyte. 5 Fiddlehead

  14. Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns Homosporous spore production Typically a bisexual gametophyte Eggs Sporangium in sporophyll Single type of spore Sperm Heterosporous spore production Megasporangium in megasporophyll Female gametophyte Megaspore Eggs Microsporangium in microsporophyll Male gametophyte Microspore Sperm • What adaptations do plants have for survival on land? • What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution? • What are bryophytes? • What are the characteristics of ferns (seedless vascular plants)? • What is the difference between homosporous & heterosporous plants? Most ferns All seed plants & few seedless plants

  15. LYCOPHYTES (PHYLUM LYCOPHYTA) Strobili (clusters of sporophylls) Isoetes gunnii, a quillwort Selaginella apoda, a spike moss Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss PTEROPHYTES (PHYLUM PTEROPHYTA) Psilotum nudum, a whisk fern Equisetum arvense, field horsetail Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern Vegetative stem Strobilus on fertile stem FERNS HORSETAILS WHISK FERNS AND RELATIVES Figure 29.14 Seedless Vascular Plant Diversity

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