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Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular System. Evolution Of The Human Heart. Muscular Tube Heart. Evolution Of The Human Heart. 2 Chambered Heart. Evolution Of The Human Heart. 3 Chambered Heart. Evolution Of The Human Heart. 3+ or 4- Chambered Heart. Evolution Of The Human Heart. 4 Chambered Heart.

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Cardiovascular System

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  1. CardiovascularSystem

  2. Evolution Of The Human Heart Muscular Tube Heart

  3. Evolution Of The Human Heart 2 Chambered Heart

  4. Evolution Of The Human Heart 3 Chambered Heart

  5. Evolution Of The Human Heart 3+ or 4- Chambered Heart

  6. Evolution Of The Human Heart 4 Chambered Heart

  7. TortoraPages 342 - 344 Cardiovascular System:The Heart • “Cardio’ refers to heart. • ‘Vascular” refers to blood vessels.

  8. Thursday 3/6/03Pages 342 - 344 Cardiovascular System:The Heart • Heart pumps 30X it weight in blood each minute. • 1800 gallons of blood per day • 50,000 miles of blood vessels.

  9. Tortora Pages 342 - 344 Cardiovascular System:The Heart Cardiology is study of heart and disease.

  10. Tortora Pages 342 - 344 Location of the HeartThe Heart • Lies between the two lungs. • 2/3 of heart lies to left of mid-line. • Apex is bottom of left ventricle. Congestive Heart Failure

  11. Thursday 3/6/03Pages 342 - 344 Pericardium • Heart is enclosed by pericardium. • Composed of: • Outer fibrous pericardium • Inner serous pericardium.

  12. Tortora Pages 342 - 344 Pericardium • Inner layer creates pericardial fluid. • Fluid lies in the pericardial cavity. • Fluid prevents friction.

  13. Tortora Pages 342 - 344 Heart Wall • Composed of three layers: • Epicardium (outer) • Myocardium (Muscle) • Endocardium (Inner) Video: Coronary Circulation

  14. Tortora Pages 342 - 344 Heart Wall • Heart has two different networks of muscle fibers. • Atrial • Ventricular

  15. Tortora Pages 342 - 344 Heart Wall • Each muscle fiber connects with other muscle fibers. • Intercalated discs connect fibers. • They aid in conducting impulses.

  16. Tortora Pages 342 - 344 Heart Wall • Each muscle fiber connects with other muscle fibers. • Intercalated discs connect fibers. • They aid in conducting impulses.

  17. Tortora Pages 342 - 344 Heart Wall • Endocarium lines the inner surface of the heart. • Inflammation of the lining can occur. • Epicarditis • Myocarditis • Endocarditis

  18. Tortora Pages 343 - 347 Chambers of the Heart • Right and left atria • Separated by interatrial septum. • Receives blood from body. • Pumps blood to the ventricles. • Separated from ventricles by sulcus.

  19. Tortora Pages 343 - 347 Great Vessels of the Heart • Superior and inferior vena cava. • Returns blood from body back to heart • Pulmonary trunk • Branches into rt. and lt. pulmonary arteries. • Takes blood to the lungs.

  20. Tortora Pages 343 - 347 Great Vessels of the Heart • Pulmonary veins • 4 in humans. • Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart. • Aorta • Carries oxygenated blood to all of the body. • Exits from left ventricle.

  21. Monday 3/10/03Pages 343 - 347 Atrioventriclular Valves • Tricuspid • Three flaps • Prevents blood from moving back into the right atria. • Bicuspid • Two flaps • Prevents blood from moving back into the left atria.

  22. Tortora Pages 343 - 347 Semilunar Valves • Pulmonary semilunar valve. • Prevents blood from moving back into the right ventricle. • Aortic semilunar valve. • Prevents blood from moving back into the left ventricle. • Valve replacement surgery

  23. TortoraPages 343 - 347 EKG • Parts of EKG. • P wave • QRS Complex • T wave

  24. TortoraPages 348 - 353 Cardiac Cycle • Three Phases • First Phase • Relaxation period • All chambers in diastole. • Blood fills SL valves • Blood flows into atria & ventricles from pulmonary veins and vena cava.

  25. TortoraPages 342 - 344 Cardiac Cycle • Second Phase • Ventricular filling • SA node stimulated • P wave occurs • Atria contract (systole) • Additional 25% blood enters the ventricles.

  26. TortoraPages 342 - 344 Cardiac Cycle • Third Phase • Ventricular Systole • AV node stimulated • Ventricles in systole. • QRS wave occurs

  27. TortoraPages 343 - 347 EKG • Parts of EKG. • P wave • QRS Complex • T wave

  28. TortoraPages 342 - 344 Cardiac Output • Definition: • Amount of blood pumped by either the Rt or Lt ventricle per minute. • Stroke volume X beats per minute. • 70ml X 75 /min = 5.25 Liters/min.

  29. TortoraPages 342 - 344 Control of Heart Rate • Cardiovascular center. • Cardiac accelerator nerves. (sympathetic ) • Vagus nerve (parasympathetic) • Autonomic control results from opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

  30. TortoraPages 342 - 344 Factors That Effect Heart Rate • Chemicals • Epinephrine increases heart rate. • Increased levels of K+ & Na+ slow heart rate. • Excess Ca++ increases heart rate. • Low oxygen demands increase heart rate. • Temperature • Increased heat accelerates heart • Decreased temperature decreases heaert rate.

  31. TortoraPages 342 - 344 Risk Factors For Heart Disease. • High Blood Cholesterol • High Blood Pressure • Smoking • Obesity • Lack of exercise • Diabetes • Genetics • Being Male until age 70

  32. TortoraPages 342 - 344 Conduction System Review A B • Name structure A,B,C,D. • Where does the delay occur. • Describe the rhythm that must be created. • Why is this rhythm needed? • How does each cell f the heart receive the impulse? • What is the name of the nerve that leads to the SA node? C D

  33. TortoraPages 362 - 365 Vascular System • System of blood vessels. • 50,000 miles in length. • Blood vessel types: • Artery (carries blood away from the heart) • Vein (Carries blood to the heart) • Capillary (all gas exchange occurs here)

  34. TortoraPages 362 - 365 Arteries • Hollow center is referred to as a lumen. • Wall is contructed of three layers. • Inner layer (Tunic Interna) • Endothelium • Elastic tissue • Middle layer (Tunic Media) • Smooth muscle • Elastic fibers • Outer layer (Tunic Externa) • Elastic fibers • Callagen

  35. TortoraPages 362 - 365 Arteries • Arteries are capable of elasticity. • Expand under the pressure of the ventricles contracting. • Constrict when the ventricles are relaxing. • Constriction is due to smooth muscle. • Constrict when injured.

  36. TortoraPages 362 - 365 Arteries • Vasodialation • Lumen increased in size due to smooth muscle relaxation. • Decreased stimulation from sympathetic system. • Vasoconstriction • Lumen decreased in size due to smooth muscle constriction. • Increased stimulation from sympathetic system.

  37. TortoraPages 362 - 365 Arterioles • Smaller branches from arteries. • Arterioles take blood to capillaries. • Small arterioles have mostly • Endothelium • Smooth muscle

  38. TortoraPages 362 - 365 Capillaries • Connect arterioles to veins. • Gas, waste, and nutrient exchange takes place here between blood and cells.

  39. TortoraPages 362 - 365 Capillaries • Composed of a single layer of endothelium and a basement membrane. • All cells must be close to a capillary. • Tissues using a lot of energy must have more capillaries. • Capillaries form networks to increase surface area. • Pre-capillary sphincter.

  40. TortoraPages 362 - 365 Veinules • Blood is returned to veinules from capillaries. • Blood is on way back to heart. • Same in structure as arterioles. • Veinules get larger as they move towards heart.

  41. TortoraPages 362 - 365 Veins • Similar in structure to arteries except; • Middle layer is reduced. • Inner layer folds inward to form valves. • Varicose veins. • Veins act as blood reservoirs • Contain approximately 60% of blood.

  42. TortoraPages 362 - 365 How Blood Is Pumped Back To The Heart • Blood Pressure caused by heart approx. 5 mmhg after capillaries. • Blood is moved due to skeletal muscle contraction. • Backwards movement is prevented by valves.

  43. TortoraPages 362 - 365 Coronary Circulation • Circulation that serves the heart muscle. • leads from the aorta. • Carries oxygen to heart muscle. • Returns to the coronary sinus • Effects of atherosclerosis • Treatment

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