U.S. History

1. Unit 6 The Post Civil War Years U.S. History

2. The Post Civil War Years • SSUSH11: Describe the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction.

3. Industrial Growth • Railroads and the West • Railroads played a major role in this industrial growth and expansion west ???????HOW??????? • Farmers, ranchers had easier access to eastern markets • Union Pacific (eastern company) and Central Pacific (Sacramento, CA company) built the transcontinental railroad • The two companies joined their tracks at Promontory, Utah in 1869 • Large numbers of Irish and Chinese immigrants helped build the railroad – very dangerous, many died or were injured

5. Industrial Growth • Railroads and Big Business • Railroads contributed to rise of the steel industry and big business • Henry Bessemer developed a method for making steel known as the Bessemer process • Steel could be made cheaper, became more affordable – leading to faster expansion of railroads and constructions • Buildings became taller (skyscrapers)

6. Industrial Growth • Giants of Big Business • A few men got rich developing the railroad industry – known as “robber barons” • Crooked in their dealings • Cornelius Vanderbilt: extended his New York Central railroad to reach Chicago in 1869 • Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel industry • Sold his business to J.P. Morgan for $500 million – Carnegie became the richest man in the world

7. Industrial Growth • Giants of Big Business Continued… • John D. Rockefeller established the nation’s first trust, Standard Oil (a trust is a business arrangement under which a number of companies unite into one system) • Trusts destroy competition by creating monopolies (only one supplier of a product) • Used vertical integration – one corporation owns the company that produced the finished product and that provides the necessary materials

8. Industrial Growth • Thomas Edison • Most impactful inventor • Phonograph recorded sound • Motion picture camera eventually made movies possible • most remembered for the Electric light bulb • Transformed people’s lives; could work at night in factories, homes, offices • Came up with the idea for central power companies

9. Review • Please put all text books under the desks (not on the floor) and put EOCT books back on the table by the door. • 1. What role did railroads play in opening the West and contributing to the rise of big business? • 2. Chinese and Irish immigrants are remembered for • A. their contributions to the steel industry. • B. their contributions to building the nation’s railroads. • C. their refusal to work for giant’s of big business. • D. working together to found the nation’s first trust.

10. Review • 3. John D. Rockefeller dominated the oil industry by • A. refusing to use railroads to ship his products. • B. focusing only on oil production and allowing other people’s companies to supply him with the materials he needed for production. • C. establishing a trust. • D. hiring large numbers of Chinese workers. • 4. Describe the impact of Thomas Edison’s light bulb.

11. Western Growth • SSUSH12: Analyze important consequences of American industrial growth. • c. Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee.

12. Western Growth • Reasons for Moving West • Religious faith – Christian missionaries attempted to spread their message to Native Americans • Mormons moved west to escape persecution • Gold motivated others (California Gold Rush of 1849) • Became the leading reason for conflict between white settlers and Native Americans • Available land also drew people west

13. California Gold Rush

14. Western Growth • Farming, Ranching, and Mining • Settlers had to live in sod houses • John Deere’s steel plow allowed farmers to plant crops in the Midwest and plains by enabling them to cut through the tough prairie sod • Windmills allowed farmers to harness the wind’s power to pump water to the surface • Railroads allowed farmers to import needed equipment from the East and shipping products

15. Western Growth • Farming, Ranching, and Mining Continued… • Cattle ranching techniques were learned from the Mexicans – also taught settlers how to herd, raise, and drive cattle to market • Imitated Mexican dress (cowboy hats, chaps) • “Cow towns” popped up as settlements where ranchers could herd their cattle onto trains to be shipped east to market • Mining industry became important because of the discovery of gold • Mining camps/towns famous for gambling, prostitution, drinking • Corporations eventually dominated industry

16. Western Growth • Women, Immigrants, and African Americans out West • Women experienced greater freedom; took on nontraditional roles • Chinese and Irish immigrants came to work on the railroad • African Americans moved west after the Civil War (Black Exodus) • Served as cowhands and soldiers (Buffalo Soldiers)

17. Buffalo Soldiers

18. Impact on Native Americans • Buffalo and Reservations • Plains Indians depended on the buffalo for food, clothing, and shelter • Settlers and fur-trappers killed great numbers of buffalo • By 1889, 1,000 buffalo were left on the continent • Native Americans were forced onto reservations (land set aside by the government) • Constantly moved whenever gold was discovered

20. Impact on Native Americans • Violent Confrontations • Sometimes Native Americans resisted white settlement • Cheyenne warriors launched several raids on mining camps in 1861 • US forces killed 270 Native American women and children • Sioux Indians, under chiefs Red Cloud and Crazy Horse, and US general George Custer engaged in the Battle of Little Bighorn • Sioux killed Custer and 200 of his men (“Custer’s Last Stand”) – last great victory for Native Americans

23. Impact on Native Americans • Violent Confrontations Continued… • Nez Perce tribe killed several white settlers when the US government attempted to remove them from the Oregon Territory • Chief Joseph attempted to escape with his tribe to Canada but was stopped 30 miles from the border • Forced to settle on reservations in Oklahoma • Many died from sickness and malnutrition

24. Impact on Native Americans • Wounded Knee • The last notable armed conflict between US troops and Native Americans occurred in 1890 at Wounded Knee • Sioux believed the Ghost Dance would bring back the buffalo, get back lost land, and banish the white man from earth • Sioux leader Sitting Bull was accused of mounting an uprising • U.S. soldiers tried to arrest Sitting Bull and killed him in a gunfight • During a pursuit of the Sioux to Wounded Knee Creek 150 Native Americans were killed (most unarmed; included women and children)

25. Review • 1. Which of the following would be the best way to describe the US government’s approach to dealing with Native Americans on the frontier? • A. Negotiations, in which the aim was to share land peacefully with the tribes that had lived there for generations. • B. Compensation, in which the US government paid tribal leaders whatever amount of money the two sides agreed the land was worth. • C. Barter, in which Native Americans surrendered land in exchange for citizenship rights and the guarantee of being given land for families to own and farm. • D. Conquest, in which the United States used its military to take Native American lands and relocate tribes to areas designated by the US government.

26. Review • 2. Describe what occurred at Wounded Knee and tell why it is significant. • 3. What role did African Americans and women play in western expansion?

27. SSUSH12 The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth. • a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on urban America.

28. James A. Garfield: 1881 Republican Assassinated by a lawyer who was mad about not getting a government job

29. Urban Growth and Immigration • Urban Growth (Growth of US Cities) • When cities increase in size it is called urban growth • Out west, new towns grew out of nothing because of railroads and western settlements • In the East, population increased due to industrialization and job opportunities • New York City saw the biggest growth

30. Urban Growth and Immigration • Most immigrants in the East came from Europe • Immigrants on the West coast came largely from China • Some came seeking a better life, others to escape political persecutions • By 1880, 80% of New Yorkers were foreign born

32. Immigration • Ellis Island • Opened in 1892 to handle large numbers of immigrants • Located on a tiny island near the Statue of Liberty • Cultural pluralism is the presence of many different cultures within one society • Angel Island • Located in San Francisco • Accepted Asian (mostly Chinese immigrants)

33. Immigration • Problems and Concerns Caused by Immigration • Many Americans looked at immigrants negatively – felt they were taking jobs • Ethnic ghettos – neighborhoods where immigrants from a certain region or country tended to live together (seen as a sign of disloyalty by natives) • Religious differences – most US citizens were Protestants, arriving immigrants were Catholics • Before the Civil War most immigrants came from western Europe – Protestant whites • At the end of 19th century/early 20th century immigrants came from eastern and southern Europe – Catholic, Jewish

34. Immigration • Nativism and Restrictions on Immigration • Nativism – opposition to immigration • As nativism grew, anti-immigrant groups formed; immigrants became victims of violence and discrimination • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 • Prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally coming to the US; repealed in 1943

35. Living and Working Conditions • Whole families had to work because of low wages • Men, women, children worked in mills and factories – 12 hrs. a day, six days a week • Child labor became a common practice • Children as young as five worked in factories • Work hours were long, wages low, conditions dangerous • Private contractors set up sweatshops (makeshift factories-poorly lit, poorly ventilated, unsafe)

37. Living and Working Conditions • Living conditions were hard • Many migrants and immigrants lived in urban slums (poor, inner-city neighborhoods) in housing called tenements (overcrowded apartments that housed several families) • There were open sewers that attracted rats • Air was dark and polluted from steam engines and boilers • Fire hazards

41. The New Urban Lifestyle and Entertainment • Transportation changed • Electric trolleys followed by subways and trains allowed people to live outside the inner city • Development of suburbs – middle and upper class moved further out • Urban factory workers worked by the clock and had time for leisure and entertainment • Men frequented saloons; women enjoyed dance halls and cabarets; families went to amusement parks and vaudeville shows • Movie industry and spectator sports became popular (boxing, horse racing, baseball)

43. Review • 1. Which of the following statements would a nativist most support? • A. “Since the US is supposed to be the land of the free and the country of opportunity, then let all those who desire freedom and a better life come to the U.S.” • B. “immigration is bad for this country. Immigrants take jobs that otherwise would go to those born here, and their ways pollute and corrupt our way of life. We need laws to prevent immigration.” • C. “Cultural diversity is a good thing. It is our differences and the way foreigners hold on to their traditional ways that make our nation great.” • D. “God bless the Irish, the Polish, and the Jewish immigrant. Give ‘em a home here, I say. But blast the Chinese. Keep ‘em out by all means.

44. Review • 2. What were some of the living and working conditions faced by poor laborers and immigrants to the US in the big cities? • 3. How did industrialization and urban growth affect lifestyle in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

45. Sponge: Friday, March 23 • What kind of working conditions existed in the late 1800s? • Do those conditions exist now in the U.S.? If not, why do you think we have better working conditions? • What major sports leagues have dealt with strikes in the last few years? • If you weren’t in my ELT or Mr. Frazier’s yesterday afternoon, you need to get notes from me.

46. Check Point!!

47. Chester A. Arthur: 1881-1885 Republican

48. The Rise of Labor Unions • Samuel Gompers and the AFL • Labor unions – organizations of workers formed to protect the interests of its members • Grew out of poor working conditions • American Federation of Labor (AFL) was the most influential – led by Samuel Gompers • Focused on wages, working hours, working conditions – used strikes, boycotts • Also believed in collective bargaining (negotiate as a group), mediation (use a neutral third party- decisions legally binding), arbitration (mediating third party’s decision is legally binding)

49. The Rise of Labor Unions • American Federation of Labor (AFL) was the most influential – led by Samuel Gompers • Focused on wages, working hours, working conditions – used strikes, boycotts • Also believed in collective bargaining (negotiate as a group), mediation (use a neutral third party- decisions legally binding), arbitration (mediating third party’s decision is legally binding)

50. The Rise of Labor Unions • Strikes and Confrontations • Employers hated unions and took measures against them • Some threatened to fire workers who were members • Turned to courts to intervene in strikes