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Prevalence and Case Fatality of Cardiac Phenotypes among Infants with Down Syndrome MCH EPI Conference, Atlanta, 2007. M Shin, JE Kucik, T Riehle-Colarusso, A Correa . Down syndrome (DS) Epidemiology. Birth prevalence: 1 in 800 live births Trisomy 21 Survival probability:
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Prevalence and Case Fatality of Cardiac Phenotypes among Infants with Down Syndrome MCH EPI Conference, Atlanta, 2007 M Shin, JE Kucik, T Riehle-Colarusso, A Correa
Down syndrome (DS) Epidemiology • Birth prevalence: 1 in 800 live births • Trisomy 21 • Survival probability: 92.9% survival probability to 1 year, 88.6% survival probability to 10 years (Rasmussen et al, Survival in Infants with Down Syndrome, Metropolitan Atlanta, 1979-1998)
Down syndrome (DS): Overall • Dysmorphic facial • features • Hand and foot • anomalies • Mental retardation • Delayed maturation • and growth • Subfertility/sterility • Hypothyroidism • Hearing Loss • Eye disease • Heart defects
Down Syndrome: Cardiac All types: 40% AV Canal “family” 40% Complete AVC Primum-type ASD VSD, all typesASD,secundum PDA Tetralogy of Fallot
Study Background • Congenital heart defects (CHD) are an important prognostic factor for survival among children with Down syndrome (DS). • Information on the population-based prevalence and case fatality rate (CFR) of cardiac phenotypes among infants with DS is limited.
Study Questions • What is the prevalence of various cardiac phenotypes among infants with DS? • What are the ratios of case fatality rates for the various cardiac phenotypes among infants with DS compared to those without CHD?
Methods • Infants with DS born from 1979 - 2003 were identified from a population-based birth defects registry, Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP). • Death status among infants with DS through December 31, 2004 was identified from MACDP records, Georgia vital records, and a probability-based linkage with National Death Index (NDI)1 Wong, LY, Paulozzi, L. 2001. Survival of infants with spina bifida: a population study 1979-94. Peditri Perinata Epidemiol, 15:374-378.
Methods • All records with CHD were reviewed and classified according to a clinical nomenclature adopted from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS)1 • CHD in DS infants were then grouped as: • Isolated • Multiple (more than one CHD) • Common Associations: AVSD+ASD, ASD+VSD, AVSD+PDA • Other association 1Riehle-Colarusso et al, (2007) Improving the Quality of Surveillance Data on Congenital Heart Defects in the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, BDRA
Methods • Prevalence of DS with CHD for each cardiac phenotype was estimated (per 100 live births with DS). • Case Fatality Rates (CFRs) for each cardiac phenotype were compared with the CFR for DS infants without CHD using ratios of CFR. • Mantel-Haenszel method and 95% Confidence Interval (CI).
Results • Total DS cases : 1027 live births • Total DS cases with CHD : 416 cases (40.5%) • Total number of CHD: 526 (case can have more than one CHD)
Proportion of CHD among infants with DS, 1979-2003, metropolitan Atlanta Chi-Square p=0.37
RVOTO 1% LVOTO 2% OTHERS 1% CONOT 4% PDA 9% AVSD 37% ASD 20% VSD 26% Cardiac phenotypes among infants with DS and CHD (n=526) PDA=patent ductus arteriosus, CONOT=Conotruncal, LVOTO=left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, RVOTO=Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
Case Fatality Rates by Cardiac Phenotype among Infants with DS, Isolated Heart Defects
Case Fatality Rates by Cardiac Phenotype among Infants with DS, Multiple defects - Common associations
Case Fatality Rate by Cardiac Phenotype among Infants with DS, Multiple defects - other association
Adjusted Ratios* of Case Fatality Rates *adjusted for birth weight, sex and race/ethnicity
Conclusion • 40.5% of infants with DS were found to have CHD; The most frequent CHD was AVSD (33.4%). • The presence of CHD is associated with a two-fold higher risk of dying within one year compared to those without CHD. • Infants with DS and either an isolated CHD or other associated multiple CHD have a higher risk of mortality compared to those without CHD.
Conclusion • Higher mortality predominantly due to presence of AVSD, either in isolation or combined with other heart defects. • Classification of specific cardiac phenotype among DS with CHD can contribute to the understanding of factors associated with higher mortality.
Next Steps • Further Analysis on the severity of the heart defects (AVSD) • Further analysis of children with AVSD without Down syndrome
Thank You Picture from http://www.nads.org/