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Lec.# 2:09/09/10 Challenges of Sustainable Development: Part -II

Lec.# 2:09/09/10 Challenges of Sustainable Development: Part -II. Dr. Kazi F. Jalal Faculty Harvard University Extension School. Outline of lecture. 1. Determinants of Sustainable Development Consumption Production Distribution

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Lec.# 2:09/09/10 Challenges of Sustainable Development: Part -II

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  1. Lec.# 2:09/09/10 Challenges of Sustainable Development: Part -II Dr. Kazi F. Jalal Faculty Harvard University Extension School

  2. Outline of lecture • 1. Determinants of Sustainable Development • Consumption • Production • Distribution • 2.International Cooperation on Sustainable Development • 3. Case studies • Rainwater harvesting in Rajasthan, India • Improved Cooking Stoves, PRC

  3. Determinants of Sustainable Development • CONSUMPTION beyond reasonable limits set by nature • PRODUCTION characterized by gross inefficiencies and mismanagement in the use of water, energy, and minerals • DISTRIBUTION which is grossly inequitable

  4. CONSUMPTION“the selection, adoption, use ,disposal and recycling of goods and services” – Wikipedia- State of the World (2004) : THE CONSUMER SOCIETY- State of the World (2010): Transforming Cultures: From Consumerism to Sustainability

  5. Consumer spending &PopulationState of the World(2004)

  6. Who Consumes?**D.Smith & K.Jalal(2000) Sustainable Development in Asia, Asian Development Bank

  7. Religious Revolt Against Consumerism • Christianity “Watch out! Be on your guard against all kinds of greed; a person’s life does not consist in the abundance of possessions.” • Confucianism “Excess and deficiency are equally at fault.” • Buddhism “By the thirst for the riches, the foolish man destroys himself as if he were his own enemy.” Source: UNDP, 1998

  8. Religious Revolt Against Consumerism • Hinduism “When you have the golden gift of commitment you have everything.” • Islam “It is difficult for a person laden with riches to climb the steep path that leads to bliss.” • Taoism “One who knows he has enough is rich.” Source: UNDP, 1998

  9. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight. BMI = w/h2 w = weight in kg h = height in meters BMI Categories Underweight < 18.5 Normal weight 18.5 – 24.9 Overweight 25 –29.9 Obese >30 http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi

  10. Percentage of obese population1.Vital Signs(2001): The Worldwatch Institute;2National Health & Nutrition Survey: US Deptt of Health & Human Serices(2003)

  11. PRODUCTION

  12. Current Industrial Production Patterns: 5 Basic Problems • Using materials & processes causing environmental degradation and health hazards • Inefficiency of production causing system loss and environmental degradation • Failure to reflect negative externalities in product cost

  13. Current Industrial Production Patterns: 5 Basic Problems • Subsidies of energy, water, & fertilizers which mostly benefit the non-poor • Transaction costs are significantly higher for the poor

  14. New Agricultural Revolution (Green 2 Revolution)* • Redistributive policies that favor access of the poor to land and modern inputs • Increased public expenditure in less favored agricultural land • Increased attention to the needs of small holder farms and landless laborers including credits * All elements have significant impact on poverty reduction

  15. New Agricultural Revolution (Green 2 Revolution)* • Increased investment in rain-fed agricultural areas • Decentralized agricultural research, development, and extension system focusing on soil and water management * All elements have significant impact on poverty reduction

  16. DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES

  17. World Development Report, 2006: Equity & Development • Inequality of distribution of resources results in poverty & weakens development • To correct the situation WB recommends ensuring more equitable access by the poor to health care, education, credit, land tenure and justice system, among others • Increase the level of development assistance which is more effective

  18. Current preferences of IFIs

  19. Definition of EHMs • “Economic hit men (EHMs) are highly paid professionals who cheat countries around the globe out of trillion dollars. They funnel money from the World Bank, the US Agency for International Development (USAID), and other foreign “aid” organizations into the coffers of huge corporations and the pockets of a few wealthy families who control the planet’s natural resources…” -John Perkins, 2004

  20. TOR of EHMs • “Claudine told me that there were two primary objectives of my work. First, I was to justify huge international loans that would funnel money back to MAIN and other U.S. companies (such as Bechtel, Halliburton, Stone & Webster, and Brown & Root) through massive engineering and construction projects. Second, I would work to bankrupt the countries that received these loans (after they had paid MAIN and the other US contractors, of course) so that they would be forever beholden to their creditors, and so they would present easy targets when we need favours, including military bases, UN votes, or access to oil and other natural resources.”

  21. International Cooperation on Sustainable Development:Role of United Nations

  22. UN agencies and bodies 1. UNEP 2. UNDP 3. FAO 4. ILO 5. UNESCO 6. WHO 7. WMO 8. IAEA 9. WB

  23. Reform & revitalization • 1.Change UN Charter • 2.Use Trusteeship Council • 3.Use Security Council • 4. Create WEO • 5. Revitalize WTO • 6. Realign Brettenwoods Institutions • 7. Strengthen coordination among existing ones

  24. CASESTUDIESProblemProjectImplementation plan or progressImpacts/ result achievedLessons learned

  25. Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, India“largest mobilization of people for environmental regeneration” Problem: Drought-stricken villages with dry wells and a low water table Project: In the mid-1980s, Tarun Bharat Singh, a local voluntary organization, assisted a village in building 3 small rain water harvesting structures called check dams. Check dams store monsoon rains, irrigate fields, and allow water to percolate through the ground to increase water table. Source: Agarwal et al, 1999; Agarwal and Narain, 1999

  26. Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, India Progress: • Now 3,000 water harvesting structures in 650 villages. • Villagers and TBS regenerated 6,500 m2 of land. • Groundwater tables have increased by 6 m on average. • Forest cover increased by 33% • 5 formerly seasonally dry rivers flow perennially • Agriculture is more productive and self-sustaining • Average annual per capita income increased by $19.78 • For every dollar invested in check dams, economic production in villages increased by $4.20. Source: Agarwal et al, 1999; Agarwal and Narain, 1999

  27. Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, India Social Impact: Project has helped reverse some of the negative social impacts associated with environmental degradation. As a result, there is: • reduced migration • increased attendance in schools • reduced crime rates • increased participation of women in village decisions Source: Agarwal et al, 1999; Agarwal and Narain, 1999

  28. Improved Cook-stoves Program in the People’s Republic of China Background: Initiated in the early 1980s, covered almost 76% of rural households after 15 years of implementation without any direct government subsidy. Strategies • Work began in areas where people showed desire for improved cook-stoves. • Research and development were geared toward designing stoves to match local conditions of fuel, cooking, and heating needs. Source: Parikh et al, 1999; Yao, 1999; Natarajan 1999

  29. Improved Cook-stoves Program in the People’s Republic of China Strategies • Regular, systematic, and consistent monitoring and evaluation have been an integral part of the program since its inception. • Government contributions are small (about 15%) and restricted to training, administration, and promotion • Flow of money between bureaucratic levels is minimal. • Production of the critical parts of the combustion chamber is centralized to ensure long-term, high-efficiency stove performance. Source: Parikh et al, 1999; Yao, 1999; Natarajan 1999

  30. Case Studies: Lessons Learned At the grassroots level, necessary conditions for SUSTAINABILITY ofDEVELOPMENTare: • Well targeted programs (in terms of area & population) • Minimum bureaucracy • Supportive role of the government • Active role of the community, NGO, and private sector • Stakeholders responsibility and sense of ownership • Strategy for commercialization • Replication of success stories

  31. Case Studies: Results Achieved • People (particularly the marginalized groups) derived economic, social and environmental benefits • Investments are paid off over a short period of time • Occupational hazards were minimized • Cooperation and understanding between affected communities, NGOs, and private sector increased • Market and policy failures were minimized • Development became meaningful and sustainable.

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