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Welcome. dfgj clwsf/ tyf dfgjLo sfg'g Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. dfgj clwsf/ Human Rights. dfgjclwsf/sf] kl/efiff Definition of Human Rights.
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dfgj clwsf/ tyf dfgjLo sfg'g Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
dfgj clwsf/ Human Rights
dfgjclwsf/sf] kl/efiff Definition of Human Rights • dfgjclwsf/ eGgfn] æTo:tf cfwf/e"t clwsf/ / :jtGqtf a'lemG5, h;sf ;a} JolQmx¿ xsbf/ /xG5g\ . o:tf clwsf/x¿df d"ntM hLjg / :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf / sfg'gL b[li6df ;dfgtfh:tf clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\ .Æ – cd]l/sg x]l/6]h l8S:g/L ckm OËln; Nofª\Uj]h • ;du|df eGbf dfgjclwsf/ eg]sf tL clwsf/x¿ x'g\ h'g k|To]s JolQmn] pkef]u ug{sf nflu kl/eflift ul/Psf 5g\ / ;+/lIft ul/g'kb{5 egL tf]lsPsf 5g\(Which every human being is entitled to enjoy and to have protected)
dfgjclwsf/sf] kl/efiff Definition of Human Rights • dfgj clwsf/ dflg;x¿sf] cfˆgf] hGdl;¢ clwsf/ xf] • dfgjclwsf/ lsGGf'kg]{, sdfpg'kg]{ of ;fk6df lng'kg]{ ljifo xf]Og . • of] :jtM ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df ;a}n] lgjf{w ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ …cx/0fLoÚ / …hGdl;¢Ú clwsf/ klg elgG5 . • o;nfO{ dfgjhfltsf] …k|fs[lts clwsf/Ú klg elgG5 .
dfgj clwsf/sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld Historical Background of Human Rights
;g\ !@!%– …DofUgfsf6f{Ú (Magna Carta) • O{=;+ !@!% df j]nfotsf /fhf hf]g (John) / hgtfx¿sf]aLrdf clwsf/ jf‘8kmf‘8sf] Ps lnlvt ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof], h;nfO{ …DofUgfsf6f{Ú (Magna Carta) elgG5 . pQm ;Demf}tfdf hgtfx¿sf] clwsf/sf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ;Demf}tf g} dfgj clwsf/sf] klxnf] lnlvt b:tfj]h dflgG5 . • DofUgfsf6f{n] s'g} P]g agfpg] clwsf/ ;+;bnfO{ x'g'kg]{, ;+;bsf] l:js[tL lagf /fhfn] s'g}klg s/ (Tax) nufpg gkfpg], :jtGq Gofo Joj:yf / sg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf x'g'kg]{ cflb h:tf dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/x¿sf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
;g\ !^*(– …clwsf/kqÚ (Bill of Rights) • a]nfotdf /fhf / hgtfaLrdf clwsf/sf] nflu rn]sf] nfdf] ;+3if{ kZrft\ /fhfsf clwsf/x¿ tf]Sg O{=;+= !^*( df Pp6f b:tfj]h hf/L eof] h;nfO{ …clwsf/ kqÚ (Bill of Rights) elgG5 . o;nfO{ /fhf / hgtfaLr ePsf] klxnf] ;fdflhs ;Demf}tf klg elgG5 .
;g\ !&&^– cd]l/sL :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff (Declaration of American Independence) • cd]/Lsfdf klg "Bill of Rights" df cGt/lglxt s'/fx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ O{=;+= !&&^ df cd]l/sL :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff hf/L ul/of] .
;g\ !&*(– k|mfG;]nL /fHoqmflGt (French Revolution) • x/]s dflg;nfO{ :jtGqtf / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ 5 eGg] wf/0ff;Fu} ;g\ !&*( df k|mG;]nL /fHoqmflGt ;DkGg eof] .
!) hgj/L !(@) – …lnu ckm g];G;Ú (League of Nations) • c7f/f}+ ztfAbLdf /fi6«x¿aLrdf a9\b} uPsf] xf]8afhLsf sf/0f dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;df g} vt/f pTkGg x'g;Sg] eon] hftL, wd{, efiff, / lnËsf] lje]bsf] cGTo ug]{ d'Vo p2]Zosf;fy ;+ul7t ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu !) hgj/L !(@) df …lnu ckm g];G;Ú (League of Nations) sf] ljlwjt :yfkgf eof] . • lnu ckm g];G;sf y'k|} k|of;x¿sf afjh'b ;g\ !(!$ b]lv !(!* / ;g\ !(#( b]lv !($% sf]aLr rn]sf ljgfzsf/L b'O{j6f ljZjo'¢n] tL ;Dk"0f{ k|of;x¿nfO{ lg/y{sk|fo agfOlbof] .
@$ cS6f]j/ !($% – ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 (United Nations)sf] :yfkgf • @$ cS6'j/ !($% sf lbg ljZjsf /fi6«x¿s]f ;femf ;+u7gsf] ¿kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 (United Nations Organization - UNO) sf] :yfkgf eof] . • ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgfsf] nuQ} dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu 7f]; k|of;x¿ x'g yfn] .
Dffgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGqx¿ (International Instruments of Human Rights)
Declaration-3f]if0ff_ • Covenants -cle;lGw÷cg'jGw_ • Conventions -dxf;lGw_ • Optional Protocols -P]lR5s pkn]v÷cfn]v÷ k|n]v_
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff – !) l8;]Da/ !($*(Universal Declaration of Human Rights – 10 December 1948) • ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf nuQ} dfgj clwsf/sf] c¿ Jofks / :ki6 Joj:yfsf nflu ;g\ !($^ sf] k|f/Dedf Ps dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u u7g • cfof]un] /fi6«;+3sf] efjgf cg'¿k !($& df dfgj clwsf/sf] lnlvt d:of}bf tof/ qmdzM
;f] d:of}bfnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dfxf;efn] !) l8;]Da/ !($* sf lbg kfl/t u¥of], h;nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff (Universal Declaration of Human Rights-UDHR)elgG5 . • æcGofo / cTofrf/sf lj¿¢ cGo pkfo gkfP/ lj›f]x ug'{ g} clGtd pkfo xf] eGg] dflg;x¿n] g7fg'g\ eGg] xf] eg] dfgjclwsf/x¿ sfg'gL zf;gåf/f ;+/lIft x'g'kb{5Æ eGg] k|:tfjgf • dfgj clwsf/k|lt cjx]ngf tyf cgfb/sf] kl/0ffdaf6 aa{/ sfd eO{ dfgj h.tLsf] cGt:s/0fdf rf]6 k'¥ofpg] x'gfn] dflg;x¿ :jtGq x'g'kb{5, eo / cefjaf6 d'lQm kfpg' kb{5 eGg] d"n dd{ qmdzM
k|frLgsfnb]lv dfgj clwsf/sf] kIfdf ePsf cfGbf]ngsf pknAwLx¿sf] ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] Ps dfq k"0f{ b:tfj]h / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3s} dxTjk"0f{ pknAwL • dfgjclwsf/sf] kl/efiff ug]{ lg0ff{os / cflwsfl/s b:tfj]h • #) j6f wf/fdf dflg;sf] clwsf/sf] kl/efiff • gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ Pj+ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[ltsx¿ ;d]l6Psf] qmdzM
wf/f # M hLjgsf] clwsf/ . wf/f %M s;}nfO{ klg oftgf jf qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo ul/g]5}g . wf/f ( M s;}nfO{ klg :j]R5frf/L tj/n] lu/ˆtf/, y'g5]s jf b]zlgsfnf ul/g]5}g . wf/f !* M k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/, cf:yf / wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ 5 . o; clwsf/df wd{ jf cf:yf abNg] :jtGqtf / ;fj{hlgs jf JolQmut ¿kdf PSn} jf ;d"xdf cfˆgf] wd{ jf cf:yfnfO{ lzIf0f, cfr/0f, k"hf / kfngfåf/f k|s6 ug{] :jtGqtf;d]t ;dfj]z 5 .
wf/f !( M k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/ / cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ 5 wf/f @#M -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ sfd ug{], :j]R5fn] /f]huf/L /f]Hg] / sfd ug{sf nflu plrt Pj+ cg's"n kl/l:yltsf] ;[hgf / a]/f]huf/Laf6 ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . -@_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lagfe]befj ;dfg sfo{sf nflu ;dfg kfl/>lds kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . -#_ sfd ug]{ k|To]s JolQm / lghsf] kl/jf/sf nflu dfgjLo k|lti7fcg'¿k hLljsfsf] aGbf]a:tsf nflu plrt / cg's"n kfl/>lds kfpg] / cfjZos eP ;fdflhs ;+/If0fåf/f To;df e/y]usf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . -$_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ p;sf] lxt ;+/If0fsf lgldQ 6«]8 o'lgog :yfkgf ug]{ / To;df ;lDdlnt x'g] clwsf/ 5 .
wf/f @*M o; 3f]if0ffdf pNn]v ul/Psf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿ k"0f{ ¿kn] k|fKt ug{sf] nflu k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;fdflhs / cGt/f{li6«o Joj:yfsf] clwsf/ 5 . wf/f @(M -!_ k|To]s JolQmsf] ;dfh k|lt st{Jox¿ 5g\ / To:tf] ;dfhdf a;]/ dfq JolQmsf] :jtGq / k"0f{ ljsf; ;Dej 5 . -@_ cfˆgf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] pkof]u ubf{ k|To]s JolQmn] c¿sf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿k|lt klg cfb/ ug'{ kb{5 . -#_ oL clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿sf] k|of]u ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] l;4fGt / p2]Zosf] ljkl/t s'g} xfntdf pkef]u ug{ ;lsg] 5}g . wf/f #)M s'g} /fi6«, ju{ jf JolQmn] o; 3f]if0ffdf pNn]v ul/Psf clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿nfO{ s'7f/f3ft ug]{ p2]Zon] jf To:tf] lsl;dsf] sfd ug{ kfpg] u/L JofVof ug{ x'Fb}g .
cGt/lge{/, cljefHo, ;j{JofkL (Interdependent, Indivisible and Universal) • t/ sfg'gL ¿kdf jfWosf/L b:tfj]h xf]Og . (Not a legally Binding Document but a morally binding document)
International Bill of Human Rights UDHR 1948 ICCPR 1966 ICESCR 1966
dfgj clwsf/sf k|d'v cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGqx¿ (The Core International Human Rights Instrument)
hftLo e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGw !(^% (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination – ICERD – 21 December 1965) • hfltafb / hftLo e]befj cflbsfnb]lv g} lg/Gt/ ;+3if{sf] sf/0f /lxcfPsf] • ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] @) gf]e]Da/ !(^# df o; ljifodf Ps 3f]if0ff • e]befjsf] /f]syfd / cNk;+Vosx¿sf] ;+/If0f ljifos pk–cfof]un] dxf;lGwsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/L dxf;efdf k|:t't • @! l8;]Da/ !(^% df kfl/t u/L /fi6«x¿nfO{ x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bgsf] nflu v'nf • pQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !( sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] ;lGw $ hgj/L !(^( b]lv nfu" • g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ #) hgj/L !(&! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ljifos ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cle;lGw (UN Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – IESCR– 1966) • ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] !^ l8;]Da/ !(^^ sf lbg kfl/t u/]/ x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bgsf nflu /fi6«x¿nfO{ v'nf ul/Psf] • cle;lGwn] gful/sx¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwdf lj:t[t rrf{ u/]sf] 5 . • cle;lGwsf] wf/f @& sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] ;lGw # hgj/L !(&^ b]lv nfu" ePsf] • g]kfnn] of] cle;lGwnnfO{ !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ljifos ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cle;lGw(UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, - ICCPR – 1966) • of] cle;lGw / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ljifos cg'aGw Ps};fy tof/ kfl/Psf] • b'j} cle;lGw¿nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] Ps}lbg !^ l8;]Da/ !(^^ sf lbg kf/Lt u/L x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bgsf nflu v'nf u/]sf] . • o; cle;lGwdf hLjgsf] clwsf/, :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, Gofofno ;dIf ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ h:tf s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . • cle;lGwsf] wf/f $( sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ @# dfr{ !(&^ b]lv nfu" • g]kfnn] of] cle;lGwnfO{ !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ljifos cle;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt k|yd P]lR5s pkn]v (Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – OP 1 to the ICCPR – 16 December 1966) • ;g\ !($* sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqdf JolQmut lzsfotkqsf] clwsf/sf] af/]df pNn]v gePsf] • JolQmut lzsfotkqsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] ;g\ !(^^ df of] pkn]v kfl/t u/]sf] • of] pkn]v clgjfo{ geO{ P]lR5s ePsf] x'gfn] o; pkn]vdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿ ;lxt / of] pkn]v cfkm}+ /fi6«x¿sf nflu OR5fwLg pkn]vsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 • wf/f ( sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ of] ;lGw @# dfr{ !(&^ b]lv nfu" ePsf] 5 . • g]kfnn] of] pkn]vnfO{ !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ljifos cle;lGwsf] bf];|f] P]lR5s pkn]v (Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – OP 2 to the ICCPR – 15 December 1989) • ;g\ !(^^ sf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ljifos cg'aGwsf] wf/f ^ sf] -@_ df lglZrt cj:yfdf ljBdfg sfg'gL k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ d[To'b08 lbg ;lsg] s'/f :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . • s'g} klg s;'/df d[To'b08 lbg gx'g] s'/fsf] Uof/]G6L ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] ;g\ !% l8;]Da/ !(*( df of] bf];|f] pkn]v tof/ u/]sf] xf] . • o; pkn]vsf] wf/f ! df g} s;}nfO{ klg s'g} klg s;'/df d[To'b08 glbOg] s'/f pNn]v ul/g'sf ;fy} /fi6«x¿n] d[To'b08 pGd"ngsf nflu cfjZos pkfo cjnDag ug{'kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . • g]kfnn] of] cg'aGwnfO{ $ h'g !((* df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
dlxnf lj¿4sf] e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw !(&( (UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women – CEDAW – 18 December 1979) • dlxnfx¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] !* l8;]Da/ !(&( df dlxnf lj¿4sf] e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGw kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . • pQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @& -!_ sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] ;lGw # ;]K6]Da/ !(*! b]lv nfu" eof] . • g]kfnn] of] dxf;lGwnfO{ @@ clk|n !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
dlxnflj?4sf] e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s pkn]v !((([Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (OP-CEDAW) 1999] • dlxnflj?4sf] e]befjsf 36gfdf l;sfot;DaGwL k|lqmofsf af/]df Joj:yf ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efjn] ^ cS6f]a/ !((( df dlxnflj?4sf] e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s pkn]v kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . • pkn]vsf] wf/f !^ -!_ df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd @@ l8;]Da/ @))) b]lv pQm pkn]v nfu" ePsf] 5 . • o; pkn]vnfO{ g]kfnn] !% h'g @))& df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckx]ngfTds Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj¿4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw !(*$ (UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984) • oftgfsf] /f]syfdsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3af6 !) l8;]Da/ !(*$ df oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckx]ngfTds Jojxf/ jf ;hfoF lj¿4sf] dxf;lGw kfl/t ePsf] 5 . • o;nfO{ oftgf lj¿4sf] dxf;lGw klg elgG5 . • pQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @& -!_ sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] ;lGw @^ h'g !(*& b]lv nfu" eof] . • g]kfnn] of] cg'aGwnfO{ !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckx]ngfTds Jojxf/ jf ;hfolj?4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s pkn]v @))@ (Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 2002) • oftgflj?4sf] dxf;lGw !(*$ cg'df]bg ul/Pkl5 klg Jojxf/df oftgf g/f]lsPsf] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ gful/sx¿ cfˆgf :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ePsf :yfgx¿df lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] p2]Zon] !* l8;]Da/ @))@ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efn] of] pkn]v kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . • pkn]vsf] wf/f @* -!_ sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ @@ h'g @))^ b]lv of] pkn]v nfu" ePsf] 5 . • g]kfnn] of] cg'aGw cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g .
afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw !(*( (UN Convention on Rights of the Child – CRC – 1989) • afn clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3af6 @) gf]e]Da/ !(*( df afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw kfl/t • o;n] afn;+/If0f, afn ;xeflutf tyf afn ljsf;sf ljleGg clwsf/sf af/]df ljleGg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . • pQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @& -!_ sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] ;lGw @ ;]K6]Da/ !(() b]lv nfu" eof] . • g]kfnn] of] cg'aGwnfO{ !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
;z:q ;ª\3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtf ljifos afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] -klxnf]_ P]lR5s pkn]v @))) [Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict (OP-CRC-AC) 2000] • ;z:q ;ª\3if{df afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf ;xefuL u/fpg gx'g] / To:tf ;ª\3if{sf] c;/af6 afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s pkn]v @% d] @))) sf lbg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efn] kfl/t u¥of] . • pkn]vsf] wf/f !) -!_ df Joj:yf ul/Padf]lhd pQm pkn]v !@ km]a|'c/L @))@ b]lv nfu" ePsf] 5 . • pQm pkn]vnfO{ g]kfnn] # hgj/L @))& df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnj]Zofj[lQ tyf cZnLn b[Zodf afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u ljifos afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] -bf];|f]_ P]lR5s pkn]v @))) (Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (OP-CRC-SC) 2000) • afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, j]Zofj[lQ tyf cZnLn b[Zodf afnaflnsfsf] k|of]uaf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s pkn]v @% d] @))) sf lbg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efn] kfl/t u¥of] . • pkn]vsf] wf/f !$ -!_ df Joj:yf ul/Padf]lhd pQm pkn]v !* hgj/L @))@ b]lv nfu" ePsf] 5 . • pQm pkn]vnfO{ g]kfnn] @) hgj/L @))^ df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
;a} k|jf;L sfdbf/ tyf tLgsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL dxf;lGw (International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families – ICRMW – 1990) • ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] !* l8;]Da/ !(() df kfl/t • o; dxf;lGwn] k|jf;L sfdbf/ tyf tLgsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . • g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g .
dfgjLo sfg'g (Humanitarian Law)
cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gnfO{ ;z:q ;+3if{ ;DaGwL sfg'g cyf{t\ o'¢ ;DaGwL sfg'g klg elgG5 • cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g ;fj{hlgs cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] Ps zfvf xf], h;df /x]sf lgodx¿ ;z:q ;+3if{sf] ;dodf zq'tfk"0f{ sf/afxLdf efu glnPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ tof/ ul/G5
cfGtl/s ;z:q åGå jf o'¢sf cj:yfdf nfu"" x'g] cGt/f{li6«o sg'g – h]g]ef dxf;lGw !($( (Geneva Convention 1949 – an international law that to be active during internal armed conflict or war) cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gnfO{ ;z:q ;+3if{;DaGwL sfg'g cyf{t\ o'4 ;DaGwL sfg'g klg elgG5 . ;g\ !($( sf $ j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGw / ;g\ !(&& sf ltgsf @ j6f cltl/Qm pkn]vx? g} cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf k|d'v b:tfj]hx¿ x'g\ .
$ j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGwdWo] • klxnf] dxf;lGwn] :yno'4sf lj/fdL, 3fOt] • bf];|f] dxf;lGwn] ;fd'lb|s o'4sf 3fOt] jf lj/fdL / Wo:t kfgLhxfhdf km;]sf ;}lgs • t];|f] dxf;lGwn] o'4aGbL • rf}yf] dxf;lGwn] u}/;}lgs gful/sx?nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5 .
To:t} ;g\ !(&& sf @ 6f cltl/Qmpkn]vx?dWo] • klxnf]n] cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q ;+3if{sf kLl8tx?sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;'b[9 u/]sf] 5 . • bf];|f]n] u}/ cGt/f{li6o ;z:q ;+3if{ cyf{t\ cfGtl/s ;z:q ;+3if{sf kLl8tx?sf] ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] ;g\ !($( sf $ j6} h]g]efdxf;lGwnfO{ & km]a|'j/L !(^$ dfcg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 t/ ;g\ !(&& sf @ j6f cltl/Qmpkn]vx?nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g .
h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] ;femf wf/f # Common Article 3 of Geneva Convention d"ntM ;g\ !($( sf] $ j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGwnfO{ dfgjLo sfg'g eg]/ a'lemG5 . tL $ j6} h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] wf/f g+= # df pxL s'/fx? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, h;nfO{ ;femf wf/f # eGg] ul/G5 . !_ xltof/ 5fl8;s]sf ;}GozlQmsf ;b:ox¿ tyf la/fdL, 3fOt], y'gf jf cGo sf/0fn] n8\g g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sfx¿ nufot n8fO{+df ;lqmo ¿kdf efu glng] JolQmx¿nfO{ s'g} klg cj:yfdf j0f{, wd{, /Ë jf cf:yf, lnË, hGd jf ;DklQ jf To:t} cGo cwf/df e]befj gu/L dfgjLo Jojxf/ ul/g] 5 . s_ hLjg tyf JolQmsf lj¿¢ lx+;f, vf;u/L ;a} k|sf/sf xTof, cËeË, qm"/ Jojxf/ / oftgf v_ aGws agfpg] u_ JolQmsf] ;Ddfgdfly uDeL/ rf]6 k'¥ofpg] vfnsf sfo{x¿ -h:t} ckdfg Pj+ lgDg:t/sf] Jojxf/_ 3_ ;Eo JolQmx¿n] cTofjZos egL dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf ;a} Goflos ;'lglZrttfn] o'Qm lgoldt cbfntn] cl3 g} km};nf ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;hfo ;'gfpg / To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ -@_ 3fOt] / la/fdLx¿sf] ;+sng / x]/larf/ ul/g] 5 . /]8qm;sf] cGt/fli6«o ;ldlt h:tf] lgikIf dfgjLo lgsfon] åGåsf kIfx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"g / dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g (International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law) • cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"g / dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g Ps cfk;df kl/k"/ssf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . • leGg kl/l:ylt / leGg} tl/sfn] nfu" x'g] ePtfklg b'j} sfg'gn] JolQmnfO{ ;++/If0f k|bfg ug{ vf]Hb5g\ . • cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g o'¢sf] ;dodf nfu" x'G5 eg] dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g sDtLdf b'j} kl/l:ylt zflGt / o'¢df nfu" x'G5 .
Dffgj clwsf/k|lt /fHosf] bfloTj g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# g]kfn ;lGw P]g @)$& sf] bkmf ( Dffgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ Dffgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ Dffgj clwsf/sf] kl/k'lt{ ug]{
Who does what/s;n] s] ul//x]sf] 5 < National Human Rights Commission. -/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u_ Government Authorities. -;/sf/L lgsfox?_ UNOHCHR/ UN Agencies, Amnesty International and other INGOs. Local HR NGOs and Civil Society Orgs. -:yfgLo dfgj clwsf/ ;DalGw ;+3 ;+:yfx? / gful/s ;dfh_
What can be done in future? Strong application of Rule of Law Make Comprehensive Law/Constitution & apply it honestly Provide Justice to the conflict victim Punishment for Conflict perpetrators Strongly apply the recommendations recommended by Various Commissions (NHRC/OHCHR/Rayamajhi Commission etc)
What can be done in future… Avoid Political Amnesty. Terminate Impunity from State. Re settle Conflict victim until they feel complete redress. Make Comprehensive Constitution by the Constituent Assembly with wide participation. Ensure abolition of all forms of discrimination from the State in practice. Empower Marginalized community from the root areas of State.
Research Topics • Review of Discriminatory Laws • Women/ Children in Conflict (Impact) • Trafficking (Causes and Consequences) • Impunity (Rule of Law) • Discrimination (Legal, Social, Cultural) • Internal Displacement (Conflict, Natural Disaster, Economic) • Child Labour • Environmental Rights (Pollution, Water, Sanitation, etc.)
