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English I(1). 冠词. 英语中的冠词可分成: 定冠词和不定冠词。 冠词是虚词,不能单独使用,它只能附在名词上。. 不定冠词. 不定冠词用在单数的可数名词之前。. 不定冠词 : a , an 为不定冠词。 要注意 a 用在以辅音音素起首的词之前(非辅音字母), 而 an 用在以元音音素(非元音字母)开头的词之前。 a teacher , a policeman , an engineer , an apple a university , a European , an hour , an honest man. ]. 不定冠词的主要用法.
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冠词 英语中的冠词可分成: 定冠词和不定冠词。 冠词是虚词,不能单独使用,它只能附在名词上。
不定冠词 不定冠词用在单数的可数名词之前。 • 不定冠词: a,an 为不定冠词。 要注意a 用在以辅音音素起首的词之前(非辅音字母), 而 an 用在以元音音素(非元音字母)开头的词之前。 • a teacher,a policeman,an engineer, an apple • a university,a European,an hour,an honest man.
不定冠词的主要用法 1、指人或事物的某一种类: A knife is a tool for cutting with. This is a book. 2、指某一类人或事物中的任何一个: I am a student. He works in a middle school in Beijing. . 3.用于固定的词组中: a little / a few / a lot / a great many / in a hurry / after a while / have a cold / all of a sudden
定冠词 定冠词可以用在名词的单数和复数之前, 也可以用在可数 名词和不可数名词之前。 The car; the fish; the university; the honest people. 定冠词的主要用法: 1、特指某些事物,以区别同类中的其他人或物: The books on the desk is mine. The woman over there is my mother. 2、指上文提及的人或物,表示特指: This is a classroom, and the classroom is very bright.
3、表示独一无二的事物: She is the only person in this office.. London is the capital of UK. 4、用在序数词和形容词的最高级前面: Shanghai is the biggest city in China. The coffee lounge is on the second floor. 5、常与乐器的名称连用: play the piano; play the violin; play the guitar. 6.用在惯用语中:in the morning (afternoon,evening), by the way
Be 动词的否定式: be + not Be动词的用法 not not =aren’t not = isn’t not = aren’t 10
一般疑问式(general question) 用 yes 或 no 来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。 一般疑问句句首的第一个词一般读得比较重。 Be 动词:将 be提到主语前 You you They are workers. Are they workers? We we He is a worker. Is he a worker? She she Yes, he/she is. No, he/she isn’t. 13
疑问句的结构: • 1、疑问词+ be动词+主语: • I’m from Zhejiang, China. • Where are you from? • • I am a nurse. • What is your job? • • Jack is 25 years old. • How old is Jack?
人称代词 • 主格一般做主语: • Eg: I am a doctor. We are doctors. • You are right. You are right. • He/She is from America。 They are from America. • It is a good film. They are good films. • 宾格常做动词或介词的宾语: • Eg: His parents love him / her very much. • Their parents love them very much. • The little girl looked at me happily. • The little girl looked at us happily. 22
形容词性物主代词表示所属关系,它只能作定语,后面必须跟有名词。形容词性物主代词表示所属关系,它只能作定语,后面必须跟有名词。 • 如: His car is red. (his 后跟有名词car ,作定语) • My name is Lin Xiaoyan. (my后面跟名次name,作定语) 在名词后面加-’s表示所属关系 Mary’s parents are from Italy. John’s home is in London .
与work 连用的介词 work for(强调雇主关系),work at (地点), work in(与at相比,所指范围相对要广些), work with (和…一起工作) • I work at Lucky Shops in London。 我在伦敦幸运商店工作。 • I work for Caffè Roma in London. 我在伦敦的罗马酒家工作。 • I work in China. 我在中国工作。 • I work with Polly 我和波莉在一起工作.
行为动词一般现在时第三人称单数的构成规则:行为动词一般现在时第三人称单数的构成规则: 1、一般动词,在词尾加 s ; 如: work--works, live--lives, play--plays, sing--sings. eg: She lives in Ningbo. 2、以/s/ 、/z/ 、/∫/ 、/t∫ /等音素结尾的动词,词尾加 -es ,如词尾为e, 只加-s. 读作 /iz /如: teach------ teaches, wash----- washes. miss----- misses, lose----- loses. eg: My mother washes the coat. 8
3、以辅音字母-y 结尾的词,把 -y 变成 -i ,再加 –es, 如: study--- studies, fly--- flies, Betty studies hard. 4、以辅音字母加 –o 结尾的词,一般情况是在词尾加 -es , 如: go-----goes do----- does. She goes into the restaurant. John does his homework. 9
行为动词一般现在时的否定式 行为动词的否定式:do/does + not do not =don’t does not =doesn’t 11
行为动词一般现在时的疑问式 在主语前加助动词do 或does. He works in a bank. She Does he work in a bank? she Yes, he/she does. No, he/she doesn’t. They work in a bank. We they Do work in a bank? you Yes, they/we do. No, they/we don’t. 14
特殊疑问句的结构: • 1、疑问词+ 助动词(do或does)+主语+动词原形: • I come from Zhejiang. China. • Where do you come from? • “Nr”means near. • What does “nr” mean?
表达问候: • ---Good morning! • ---Good afternoon! • ---Good evening! • ---Good night.晚上分手时,特别是睡觉前的问候语 • ---Hello! • ---Hi!
问候语 • ---How do you do?第一次见面的时候用的问候语 • ---Nice to meet you!/ I’m pleased to meet you. • ---How are you? ---Fine/very well. Thank you . And you? ---I’m fine, too.
表示时间的介词 in. at . on
1. at 表示“在…时刻”或“…点钟”。如: at 6:00a.m.(上午6点钟), at that time(当时), at the moment(在此刻), at noon /night /midnight /dawn/daybreak/sunrise/ dusk/sunset… (在中午/夜里/半夜/黎明/拂晓/日出/黄昏/日落……)。 在表示短期假日的名词前也用at, 如:at Christmas(在圣诞节), at the weekend(在 周末), at the Spring Festival(在春节)。
2.in 表示“在…期间”,一般用于月、季节、年、 世纪、上午、下午、晚上等前面。 如:in October(在10月), in 1990(在1990年), in spring, summer, autumn, winter. in the 20th century(在20世纪), in the morning / afternoon / evening (在上午 / 下午 / 晚上)。
3.On 用于日期、星期几前面,在“某天(的上午、下午,晚上)”如: on July 1st(在7月1日), in July, 1999.(区别) on Friday(星期五), onThursday morning/ afternoon /evening (在星期四的上午/下午/晚上), on a spring morning(在一个春天的早晨)。 on the morning of March 7th,1997
表示时间的介词 from …to…表示“从…到…”, from…till…表示“从…直到….”, between… and…表示“在…之间”
12小时表达法 • 表示几点钟用基数词加可以省略的o'clock5:00 读作five o'clock 或five • 表示几点过几分,在分钟后加past,再加小时 • 但分钟必须在半小时以内 7:05 five past seven 七点过五分6:30 half past six 六点半8:15 a quarter past eight 八点过一刻8:07 seven past eight 八点过七分
表示几点差几分,在分钟后面加to,再加小时 • 但分钟必须在半小时以内 7:50ten to eight八点差十分11:45 a quarter to twelve十二点差一刻 • 5:40 twenty to six六点差二十分 注:12小时表达法中,“午前”用am表示.“午后” 用pm表示.24小时表示法,就不需要用a.m.表示 上午,p.m.表示下午了。 7:00 p.m. = 19: 00
There + be + ….. 结构 注意与动词 have的区别。There be表示存在关系,have通常表示所属关系。 “there + be+ 名词+ 地点状语” 表示 “什么地方存在什么事物” 这种句子结构中的 there 是个引词(由表示地点的副词 变来),本身没有词义, be 为谓语动词, be 后的名词为主语,两者的数必须一致。句子最后为地点(时间)状语。如: There is a clock on the wall.
肯定式 • 动词 必须与后面的主语在数上取得一致。如果句中有若干个名词做主语,动词 be常与后面主语中的一个名词在数上一致。 • There is a book, two pens, a pencil-box on the desk.
否定式 “there +be”在动词后面加not (any)或no. is not = isn’t are not = aren’t There is no chair in the room 也是一种否定式。
疑问式 一般疑问句: 把 be 动词提到最前面 There is a chair in the room? Is there a chair in the room? Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t . 特殊疑问句:疑问词+ 一般疑问句句序 There are three pens on the desk. There is one pen on the desk. How many pens are there on the desk? There are three./ There is only one.
指示代词 • 表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词叫做指示代词。指示代词有:this , that, these, those. • This (复数形式these)指时间上或空间上离说话人比较近的人或物。 • That (复数形式他those)指时间或空间上离说话人比较远的人或物。
指示代词可以单独使用,也可以与名词连用。 • This girl is Mary. • These men are doctors. • That is Polly. • Those are my teachers.
She lectures in French. • in 在这个句子中是“从事(职业)”的意思。如: • He works in computer.他是从事计算机行业的 • They work in insurance.他们是从事保险业。 区别:My parents live in shanghai. 这个句子中的in 是“在…里面”的意思。
询问工作 What do you do, Polly? 你是做什么工作的,波莉? What does he do? 他是做什么工作的? 询问工作也可以说:What’s your job?
Present progressive tense 现在进行时 谓语动词的现在进行时的肯定形式是be + doing, be 是助动词,根据主语的人称和数而变化;doing是现在分词,有动词原形加-ing 构成。
现在进行时的主要用法: 1、表示此时此刻(说话人说话时)正在进行的动作: • The students are singing an English song. • David is drinking coffee with Xiaoyan. 2. 表示现阶段正在进行而此刻不一定在进行的动作: • She is currently writing a course book, but she is watching TV right now. . • Mary is writing music for the Christmas concert at the moment, but she is talking to Polly right now.
动词-ing的构成规则: 1、大多数现在分词的构成是在动词后直接加-ing 如: watch----watching talk-----talking go----going tell-----telling 2. 以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词在 变为现在分词时,要先双写最后一个辅音字母,再加 -ing 如: win---winning sit----sitting swim---swimming plan----planning
3. 以不发音的 –e 结尾的动词在变为现在分词时,要先 去掉-e ,再加 –ing, 如: give----giving move----moving have----having take----taking
一般疑问句:把be动词放到主语前面 be动词+主语+现在分词(+宾语) • I am writing a letter. • ---Are you writing a letter? • ---Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. • He isn’t watching TV. • ---Isn’t he watching TV? • ---Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
特殊疑问句:疑问词 +be动词+主语+现在分词(+宾语) 一般疑问句语序 • I am writing a letter. • ---What are you doing? • He isn’t working, because he is ill . • ---Why isn’t he working?
现在进行时与一般现在时的区别: 一般现在时表示经常性的动作,而现在进行时则表示在 此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作或事情。试比较: She reads newspaper every morning. She is reading newspaper now. They often play football on Sundays, and they’re playing football on the playground now. 前半句表示现在经常进行的动作用一般现在时,后半句 表示现在暂时性动作则用了现在进行时。
询问价格: • How much is /are…? • --How much is this book? • --It’s $20. • --How much are these books? • --They are $50. • How much does /do… cost? • --How much does this book cost? • --It costs $20. • --How much do these books cost? • --They cost $50.
too和not…enough 的用法 • too表示“太…”, not…enough 表示“不够…” • Her shoes are too small. • Her shoes are not big enough. • This room isn’t comfortable enough. • This room is too uncomfortable. • 注:enough修饰形容词或副词时往往放在被修饰语的后面。但是,如果修饰名词时则放在名词前面。如:He has enough money for this book.
问路 • ---How do I get(到达) there? • ---You can go bybus or tube(地铁). • 乘坐交通工具也可以用动词take:take a bus, take the tube. ---You can take a bus or the tube.
It takes about 30 minutes by tube. • take在这里是“花费(时间)”的意思. • 常用于句型:It takes (sb.) +一段时间+ to do sth. (“花费(某人)多长时间做某事”〕 • It takes me 30 minutes to get to my house. • 询问某事需要花费多长时间用“How long”来提问:How long does it take to get to your house?