Economics 1/31/11 mrmilewski

1. Economics 1/31/11 http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Demonstration of Chapter#9 and begin examination of money. • I. Administrative Stuff -attendance & distribution of test • II. Chapter#9 Test • III. Journal #24 pt.A -Read “Cybernomics Spotlight” p.286-287 1.) What does the future of money look like? 2.) What is a Smart Card? • IV. Journal #24 pt.B -notes on money

2. National Weather Service 1/31/11 http://www.crh.noaa.gov/wxstory.php?site=dtx

3. In the beginning… • People traded stuff for other stuff. It was good, but it was inconvenient to carry around a bunch of heavy stuff hoping that the person you wanted to trade with would trade with you. • This was the barter economy.

4. A new medium of exchange • Something accepted by all parties as payment for goods and services • It included: Gold, Silver, and even Salt (these are commodities) • For something to serve as money it MUST have value.

5. Now we use… • Fiat money – money by government decree. It is money because the government says it is.

6. Brief History of Fiat Money • In the U.S. from Revolutionary times until the Civil War paper currency (Fiat) was issued by private banks. • At first banks were honest and only printed enough notes they could reasonably back with gold and silver. • Then, problems arose.

7. The Bank of Milewski Printed in Wyandotte, MI $5.00 In Butter & Guns We Trust

8. Problems 1.) Too many currencies in circulation 2.) Banks could print more money when ever they wanted. Temptation was there. 3.) Counterfeiting

9. By the time of the Civil War • Congress needed money to fight the war, so the idea of greenbacks emerged. • At first they had no backing of gold or silver, but they were declared legal tender. • In 1862, the Legal Tender Act was passed and $150 million was printed.

10. National Banks • Private banks that got their charter to operate from the Federal Government, not the state governments. • They issued a standard national currency backed by war bonds. • In 1865 Congress forced the state banks to join the federal system by placing a 10% tax on all privately printed bank notes.

11. Gold and Silver Certificates • Gold certificates – backed by gold in the U.S. Treasury were originally designed to settle accounts between banks and were printed in large denominations. • Silver certificates – paper currency backed by silver dollars in the U.S. Treasury.

12. Silver Certificates - 1886 • “(they) modeled off the popular gold certificates.” • In reality, they were issued to prop up falling silver prices, because like all commodities, the price of silver fluctuated. • They were popular because people were not happy to carry around the bulky silver dollars being produced by the government. • For example: Imaging that there were only pennies. Imaging how inconvenient it would be to go shopping. http://images.amazon.com/images/P/B00000JS61.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg

13. Economics 2/1/11 http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Examine the gold standard. • I. Journal#25pt.A -Read “Issues in Free Enterprise” p.282-283 -Answer questions (1-3) p.283 • II. Return of Chapter#9 Test • III. Quiz#15 • IV. Journal#25pt.B -notes on the gold standard • V. Journal#25pt.C -notes Econ U.S.A. episode#8 “The Banking System”

14. National Weather Service 2/1/11

15. Detroit's Heaviest Snow Storms Rank Date Amount 1 April 6, 1886 24.5 2 December 1-2, 1974 19.3 3 March 4-5, 1900 16.1 4 February 28-March 1, 1900 14.0 5 December 18-19,1929 13.8 6 February 12-13 1894 12.8 7 February 19, 1908 12.6 8 January 31-February 1,1881 12.5 9 February 9,1911 12.3 10 March 3-4,1895 12.3 11 January 22-23,2005 12.2 12 January 13-14,1927 12.1 13 January 30-31,1982 11.8 14 January 13-14,1910 11.4 15 March 4-5,1899 11.4 16 January 2-3, 1999 11.3 17 December 19-20, 1973 11.2 18 February 3-4,1901 11.2 19 March 7-8, 1931 11.1 20 January 13-14, 1992 11.1 21 February 25-26, 1965 11.0 22 December 4-5, 1898 10.6 23 January 6, 1994 10.3 24 December 13-14, 1922 10.0 25 February 4, 1900 10.0 http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dtx/snow_image.php?image=20110202_0000.png&type=StormTotalSnow

16. Silver Certificates - 1886 • “(they) modeled off the popular gold certificates.” • In reality, they were issued to prop up falling silver prices, because like all commodities, the price of silver fluctuated. • They were popular because people were not happy to carry around the bulky silver dollars being produced by the government. • For example: Imaging that there were only pennies. Imaging how inconvenient it would be to go shopping. http://images.amazon.com/images/P/B00000JS61.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg

17. The Gold Standard • In 1900, Congress passed the Gold Standard Act which fixed the price of gold at $20.67 per ounce. • Gold standard – a monetary standard under which the basic currency unit is equal to, and can be exchanged for, a specific amount of gold. • People still used the same types of currency (greenbacks, silver certificates, etc) as they did before, but now they could exchange them for gold at the Treasury. http://www.stanleymeltzoff.com/History7.html

18. Advantages of the Gold Standard • People feel secure about their fiat money if they know they can trade it in for gold. • It is supposed to prevent the government from printing too much paper money. • In reality, since the chances of everyone trading in their fiat money for gold on the same day is slim, governments just maintain the appearance of it.

19. Disadvantages of the Gold Standard • 1.) If the amount of gold in the treasury does not grow as fast as the economy, the money supply can not expand and economic growth will be restricted. • 2.) If everybody trades their money in for gold, the nations gold reserve will disappear. • 3.) Since the price of gold changes dramatically over time, any government that tries to fix the price of gold has huge market pressures working against it. • 4.) Risk of Political Failure

20. Political Failure • Case Study: Switzerland • In 1999, when the Swiss abandon the gold standard, the price they had fixed gold at was about $95 per ounce. • Since, gold was in reality $280 per ounce in early 1999, nobody was willing to sell the Swiss gold for $185 less than they could sell it to anybody else. • Additionally, the Swiss were also not willing to sell their gold for $95 per ounce either. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/flags/sz-flag.html

21. Political Failure • Case Study: The United States • When banks began to fail in the early 1930’s, people began to cash in their U.S. paper currency for gold. So did foreign countries that had U.S. currency. • Step#1: With the reality of the U.S. having no gold, the government quit redeeming paper currency for gold. • Step#2: On August 28, 1933, FDR declared a national emergency which required all citizens with more than $100 of gold or gold certificates to file a disclosure form with the government.

22. The U.S. & Gold • Step#3: In 1934, the U.S. government fixed the price of gold at $35 per ounce. • Step#4: The U.S. then confiscated all the privately owned gold and the U.S. quit exchanging fiat currency for gold. • This in effect took the U.S. off the gold standard. • The U.S. continued to fix the price of gold at $35 per ounce until 1971.

23. Inconvertible Fiat Money Standard • Inconvertible Fiat Money Standard – a monetary standard under which the fiat money cannot be converted to gold or silver. • Now, the government manages the money supply under the Federal Reserve System.

24. Economics 2/2/11 http://mrmilewski.com • NO SCHOOL: Snow Day • WAYNE COUNTY Snow Totals • LIVONIA 6.6 • BROWNSTOWN 8.0 • GARDEN CITY 8.8 • WYANDOTTE 8.8 • RIVERVIEW 9.0 • ROMULUS 9.0

25. February 1-2, 2011 • A strong low pressure system tracked through the Ohio Valley bringing heavy snow to southeast Michigan on the evening of February 1, 2011. • Heavy snow and strong winds gusting to 40 to 50 mph created Blizzard-like conditions across much of the area during the overnight hours...mainly through the Saginaw Valley.  • After a break in the snowfall during the early morning hours, another round of snow made its way into the area during the day on February 2, 2011 as the low pressure system tracked through the eastern Great Lakes. • Snowfall totals ranged from 6 to 10 inches south of M-59, with 10 to 14 inches of snow across the Saginaw Valley and the Thumb region. • http://www.crh.noaa.gov/news/display_cmsstory.php?wfo=dtx&storyid=63512&source=0

26. Economics 2/3/11 http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Examine the U.S. Mint. • I. Journal#26pt.A -Read “Profiles in Economics” p.291 -Answer question #1 p.291 • II. Journal#26pt.B -notes on Gresham’s Law • III. Modern Marvels: The U.S. Mint -Answer questions while watching the film

27. EXTENDED 2ND HOUR SCHEDULE • 1st Hour - 7:41 – 8:45 • 2nd Hour - 8:50 – 9:50 Extended: 9:50 – 10:30 • 3rd Hour - 10:35 – 12:15 1st Lunch 10:35 – 11:00 2nd Lunch 11:10 – 11:35 3rd Lunch 11:50 – 12:15 4th Hour - 12:20 – 1:20 • 5th Hour - 1:25 – 2:25

28. Gresham’s Law • Thomas Gresham, was a financial advisor to England’s Queen Elizabeth I. • He said that bad money tends to drive good money out of circulation. • Good money – currency where the metallic value of the coin is higher than the face value • Bad money - currency where the metallic value of the coin is lower than the face value • This occurred in 1965, when the U.S. took the silver out of the coins it minted. Those with copper and nickel bases stayed in circulation. Those with silver were hoarded.

29. Economics 2/4/11 http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Examine the Federal Reserve Bank. • I. Journal#27pt.A -Read “The Global Economy” p.297 -Answer questions (1-2) p.297 • II. Quiz#16 • III. Journal#27pt.B -notes on the Fed • III. Mindjogger -video quiz on Chapter#11

30. The Federal Reserve - 1913 • The United States’ 1st true central bank • All federal banks were required to join and all state banks were eligible to be members. • All members own shares of stock in the system making the Fed privately owned, but it is publicly controlled. • The President appoints the Fed’s Board of Governors and the Chairman. All appointments are approved by Congress (checks & balances)

31. The Great Depression • Despite reforms like the Federal Reserve, many banks were not sound. • Deposits were not insured and runs were common. Millions of people lost all of their money. (Including my Great-Grandfather) • March 5, 1933 – Bank Holiday. FDR ordered all banks to close until legislation could be passed to make banks stronger.

32. FDIC • The Banking Act of 1933 – (The Glass-Steagall Act) • Main point of the Act was the FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. • The FDIC insured depositors up to $2500. It is now $100,000 ($250,000 October 2008). • Today the FDIC aggressively pursues ways to protect consumers from fraudulent banks. Both symbols from: http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/resources/signage/index.html

33. Other Depository Institutions • Commercial Banks – for businesses and had the power to issue checking accounts • Thrift Institutions – accepted deposits of small investors but didn’t have the power to issue checking accounts until the mid-1970s • Mutual Savings Bank – owned and operated only for the benefit of their depositors. • Page 303

34. S&L and Credit Unions • Savings and Loans – a depository institution that invests a majority of their funds in mortgages. They were regulated by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board • Credit Unions – non-profit service that is owned and operated for the benefit of it’s members.

35. Nonbank financial institutions • Another important group of financial intermediaries includes: • nonbank financial institutions–nondepository institutions that channel savings to borrowers. • Finance companies, life insurance companies, pension funds, and real estate investment trusts are examples of nonbank financial institutions.

36. The Federal Reserve: The Eye of the Storm • 1.) What do people want most in a bank? • 2.) What do banks do with the money people deposit in them? • 3.) What happens when a bank has more money than it needs? • 4.) What emergency economic action did the Fed take in 1992? • 5.) What is Fed-Wire? • 6.) What was a run on a bank? • 7.) How do banks fail today? • 8.) In what ways does the Fed ensure that banks don’t fail today?