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Shi Dalal, using ESR, showed that many enzymes e.g., lipoyl dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and cytochrome b5 red

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear weapons production. . . . . Cr (VI) (chromate). Cr(III). . Rapid cellular uptake Not taken up. Carcinogenic Non. -. carcinogenic. Soluble (can spread) Insoluble. Cr(VI) vs. Cr(III). . .

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Shi Dalal, using ESR, showed that many enzymes e.g., lipoyl dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and cytochrome b5 red

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    6. Shi & Dalal, using ESR, showed that many enzymes (e.g., lipoyl dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and cytochrome b5 reductase generate Cr(V) from Cr(VI), indicating one-electron reduction

    13. HYPOTHESIS

    15. 1. Classical biochemical methods: P. putida chromate reductase purification (Park, Keyhan, Wielinga, Fendorf, & Matin 2000, AEM 66: 1788-1795)

    17. Confirmation

    18. Three safe enzyme pure proteins characterized in detail

    25. Physiological role

    27. U(VI) reduction kinetics of YieF and the improved derivative Y6

    28. Surprise application in cancer prodrug chemotherapy

    31. Only one change, tyrosine128 to asparagine, responsible for all three improvements Application of a stochastic model predicted other beneficial changes; one enzyme has >830-fold improvement Barak, , Nov & Matin,, In preparation

    32. Work in progress

    33. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

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