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SMOKE OPERATIONS

SMOKE OPERATIONS. M56 SMOKE GENERATOR. M58 SMOKE GENERATOR. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE. ACTION: Conduct Smoke Operations. CONDITIONS: In a classroom environment given student handouts, TM 3-1040-282-10, TM 3-1040-285-10, FM 3-50, FM 3-101-1. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE.

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SMOKE OPERATIONS

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  1. SMOKE OPERATIONS M56 SMOKE GENERATOR M58 SMOKE GENERATOR

  2. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE • ACTION: Conduct Smoke Operations. • CONDITIONS: In a classroom environment given student handouts, TM 3-1040-282-10, TM 3-1040-285-10, FM 3-50, FM 3-101-1.

  3. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE STANDARDS: Conduct smoke operations to include: • Plan Smoke Operations • Predict Weather and Terrain Effects on Smoke • Determine Fuel and Fog Oil Requirements for a Smoke Mission.

  4. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE STANDARDS: con’t • Smoke Movement Techniques

  5. LESSON ADMINISTRATIVE DATA • Risk Assessment Level: Low • Environmental Considerations:  No major environmental impact, training entirely of an administrative or classroom nature, with little or no environmental impact on the environment, equipment or personnel. It is the responsibility of all soldiers and DA civilians to protect the environment from damage. • Evaluation None.

  6. PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS • Conduct a smoke reconnaissance to gather needed information to plan the smoke mission. • Calculate the number of generators required for the mission. Formula: Determine the width of the selected area in meters. Divide this number by the initial generator spacing, in meters, calculated during the smoke reconnaissance; then add 1. This is the minimum number of generators required for the mission.

  7. FORMULA EXAMPLE Width of area: 1800 meters (divided by) Generator Spacing: 300 meters = 6 (add 1) Total: 7 generators required for the mission.

  8. PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS • Calculate fog oil requirements for the mission. • (M58 uses 1.33gal/min or 80 gal/hr) Examples • (1) Smoke mission using 2 M58 for 4 hours: • 80 X 2 X 4 = 640 gallons of fog oil required. • (2) Smoke mission using 7 M58 for 3 hours: • 80 X 7 X 3 = 1,680 gallons of fog oil required. • (3) Smoke mission using 3 M58 for .5 hours: • 80 X 3 X 1.33 = 320 gallons of fog oil required.

  9. PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS • Determine the number of gallons of gasoline required for a smoke mission based upon the smoke equipment used. (M58 uses 12 gal/hr of diesel) Examples (1) M58 smoke mission using 7 generators for 3 hours: 3 X 7 X 12 = gallons of gasoline required. (2)M58 smoke mission using 4 generators for 7 hours: 7 X 4 X 12 = 336 gallons of gasoline required.

  10. PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS • Plan for 360-degree coverage of the selected area identified during the smoke reconnaissance. • Ensure that all generator operators have smoke pots available to conceal their generator locations with smoke. • If smoke positions are located in terrain that makes them vulnerable to attack by threat mechanized or armored units, request antitank weapon support from higher headquarters or supported unit.

  11. PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE • Wind Direction- Favorable surface wind directions for smoke operations are: 1. Tail winds 2. Quartering winds 3. Flanking winds

  12. PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE • Wind Speed 1. Low wind speeds or calm conditions allow smoke to remain in the target area for longer period. 2. Some types of smoke behave differently at different wind speeds.

  13. PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE • Temperature Gradients 1. Stable 2. Unstable 3. Neutral

  14. PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE • Humidity- Most smoke munitions produce a denser (thicker) smoke when the humidity is high than when it is low; therefore, high humidity is generally favorably for smoke employment. • Precipitation- Light rains decrease visibility and Heavy rains and snow reduce visibility. • Cloud cover- The amount of clouds in the sky gives an indication of how smoke will act on the battlefield.

  15. PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE • Terrain- Influences smoke travel by diverting and altering the normal wind flow. Smoke streamers tend to follow terrain contours. HILL

  16. PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE • Thermally Induced Winds 1. Valley winds 2. Slope winds 3. Breezes Land and Sea breezes

  17. ADVISE COMMANDER ON USE OF SMOKE OPERATIONS • Consider weather conditions that will affect smoke operations. • Consider methods of disseminating smoke to support mission requirements. • Advise the commander of the advantages and disadvantages of smoke integration.

  18. COLUMN FORMATION COLUMN DIRECTION OF TRAVEL STAGGERED COLUMN

  19. WEDGE FORMATION DIRECTION OF TRAVEL COLUMN OF WEDGES WEDGE

  20. VEE FORMATION DIRECTION OF TRAVEL VEE SPLIT VEE

  21. ECHELON RIGHT (OR LEFT) FORMATION DIRECTION OF TRAVEL ECHELON LEFT ECHELON RIGHT

  22. HERRINGBONE FORMATION HERRINGBONE

  23. COIL FORMATION

  24. BACK AND FORTH TECHNIQUE Smoke Target

  25. SQUAD BOUNDING

  26. LEAP FROG TECHNIQUE

  27. RACE TRACK TECHNIQUE Smoke Target

  28. SUMMARY • PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS • PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE • FUEL SUPPLY OPERATIONS • SMOKE MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES

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