Week Three

1. Week Three MONGOLIANS LEARN TO SAY “PROGRESS” IN ENGLISH

2. What matters today? • Listening practice • Answers to Previous Test and Exercise • Response to “English as a Universal Language” • Reading: —“Mongolians Learn to Say ‘Progress’ in English” Group Discussion Understanding the text • Homework

3. Listening practice • Breaking News English • http://www.breakingnewsenglish.com/index.html

4. Answers to Previous Test and Exercise Making the World Wide Web More Usable to a Wider World http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/Making-the-World-Wide-Web-More-Usable-to-a-Wider-World-106853528.html Listening practice: VOASpecial English http://www.voanews.com/english/news/ http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/

5. answers • Population • Illiteracy • Available • Impoverished • Connectivity • devices • Protocol • Trillion • Empower • User-friendly

6. Illiteracy • Literacy has traditionally been described as the ability to read and write. It is a concept claimed and defined by a range of different theoretical fields.

7. Our main purpose is to advance the Web to empower people. • 1: to give official authority or legal power to <empowered her attorney to act on her behalf> • 2: enable; to provide with the means or opportunity • 3: to promote the self-actualization or influence of <women’s movement has been inspiring and empowering women— Ron Hansen>

8. consortium • 1: an agreement, combination, or group (as of companies) formed to undertake an enterprise beyond the resources of any one member • 2:association, society

9. Check the Answers • E1 (p.4-5), • E3(p.9) • E5 (p.11)

10. p.11-12

11. “English as a Universal Language” Q &A

13. p.6A—Chinese versus English ? • Although there may be as many people speaking the various dialects  of Chinese as there are English speakers, English is certainly more widespread geographically, more genuinely universal than Chinese. • #[Chinese (dialects) speakers] • =#[English speakers]

15. state-run (adj.)= • to be managed by the nation or the state. • the state apparatus • Airwaves • In-service training • the ecumenical  language

16. P.7 C Media and Transportation ? • English prevailsin transportation and the media. The travel and communication language of the international airwaves is English. • Pilots and air traffic controllers speak English at all international airports. • Maritime traffic uses flag and light signals, but “if vessels needed to communicate verbally, they would find a common language, which would probably be English,” says the U.S. Coast Guard’s Werner Siems. ?

17. prevail • –verb (used without object) 1. to be widespread or current; exist everywhere or generally: Silence prevailed along the funeral route. • 2. to appear or occur as the more important or frequent feature or element; predominate: Green tints prevail in the upholstery.

18. prevail • 3. to be or prove superior in strength, power, or influence (usually followed by over ): They prevailed over their enemies in the battle. • 4. to succeed; become dominant; win out: to wish that the right side might prevail. • 5. to use persuasion or inducement successfully: He prevailed upon us to accompany him.

19. Airwaves and airway • airwaves: the medium of radio and television transmission —not used technically. • Airway: a passage for a current of air; a designated route along which airplanes fly from airport to airport; especially: such a route equipped with navigational aids

20. P.7D • Five of the largest broadcasters—CBS,NBC, ABC, the BBC, and the CBC—reach a potential audience of about 300 million people through English broadcast. It is also the most popular language of satellite TV.

21. P.7EFG The Information Age • The language of the information age is English. • More than 80 percent of all the information stored in the more than 100 million computers around the world is in English. • Eighty-five percent of international telephone conversations are conducted in English, as are three-fourths of the world’s mail, telexes , and cables. Computer program instructions and the software itself are often supplied only in English.

22. telex: • a communication service involving teletypewriters connected by wire through automatic exchanges; also: a teletypewriter used in telex

23. P.8H ? • German was once the language of science. Today more than 80 percent of all scientific papers are published first in English. Over half the world’s technical and scientific periodicals are in English, which is also the language of medicine, electronics, and space technology.

24. p.8 IJ International Business • English is the language of international business. • When a Japanese businessman strikes a deal anywhere in Europe, the chances are overwhelming that the negotiations were conducted in English.

25. P.8K • Manufactured goods indicate their country of origin in English: “Made in Germany,” not Fabriziert in Deutschland. It is the language of choice in multinational corporations. • Datsun and Nissan write international memorandums in English. As early as 1985, 80 percent of the Japanese Mitsui and Company’s employees could speak, read and write English. • Toyota provides in-service  English courses. English classes are held in Saudi Arabia for the ARAMCO workers and on three continents for Chase Manhattan Bank staff.

26. In-service •  going on or continuing while one is fully employed <in–service teacher education workshops>

27. P.8L Diplomacy • English is replacing the dominant European languages of centuries past. English has replaced French as the language of diplomacy; it is one of the official languages of international aid organizations such as Oxfam and Save the Children as well as of UNESCO, NATO, and the UN.

28. p.8M Lingua Franca  • English serves as a common tongue in countries where people speak many different languages. In India, nearly 200 different languages are spoken; only 30 percent speak the official language, Hindi. When Rajiv Gandhi addressed the nation after his mother’s assassination, he spoke in English. The European Free Trade Association works only in English even though it is a foreign tongue for all six member countries. •  any of various languages used as common or commercial tongues among peoples of diverse speech

29. Lingua Franca • 1. any language that is widely used as a means of communication among speakers of other languages. • 2. ( initial capital letter ) the Italian-Provençal jargon (with elements of spanish, french, Greek, arabic, and Turkish) formerly widely used in eastern Mediterranean ports. • Origin: 1670–80; < Italian: literally, Frankish tongue>

30. Lingua Franca • noun:  a common language used by speakers of different languages • Koine is a dialect of ancient Greek that was the lingua franca of the empire of Alexander the Great and was widely spoken throughout the eastern Mediterranean area in Roman times.

31. Why? • 1670s, from Italian, lit. "Frankish tongue." Originally a form of communication used in the Levant, a stripped-down Italian peppered with Spanish, French, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish words. The name is probably from the Arabic custom, dating back to the Crusades, of calling all Europeans Franks. • http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lingua+franca • Etymology

32. P.8 N Official Language • English is the official or semiofficial language of 20 African countries, including Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Liberia, and South Africa. Students are instructed in English at Makerere University in Uganda, the University of Nairobi in Kenya, and the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania.

33. P.9-O • English is the ecumenical  language of the World Council of Churches, and one of the official languages of the Olympics and the Miss Universe competition. • : worldwide or general in extent, influence, or application; of, relating to, or representing the whole of a body of churches ; promoting or tending toward worldwide Christian unity or cooperation

34. ecumenical • concerned with promoting unity among churches or religions ("Ecumenical thinking")

35. P.9 P Youth Culture • English is the language of international youth culture. Young people worldwide listen to and sing popular songs in English often without fully understanding the lyrics. ”Break dance,” ”rap music,” “bodybuilding,” “windsurfing,” and “computer hacking” are invading the slang of German youth.

36. Reading: “Mongolians Learn to Say ‘Progress’ in English” p.16-18

37. Listen and answer the following questions.Group Discussion

38. A • As she searched for the English words to name the razortooth fish swimming around her stomach on her faded blue-and-white T-shirt, ten-year-old Urantestseg hardly seemed to embody an urgent new national policy.

39. B • Father shark, mother shark, sister shark,” she recited carefully. Stumped by a smaller, worried-looking fish, she paused and frowned. Then she cried out: “Lunch!”

40. C • Even in the settlement of dirt tracks, plank shanties, and the circular felt yurts of herdsmen, the sounds of English can be heard from the youngest of students, part of a nationwide drive to make it the primary foreign language learned in Mongolia.

41. shanties

42. D • “We are looking at Singapore as a model,” Tsakhia Elbegdorj, Mongolia’s prime minister, said in an interview, his own American English honed at graduate school at Harvard University. • “We see English not only as a way of communicating, but as a way of opening windows on the wider world.”

43. E • Camel herders may not yet refer to each others as “dude,” but Mongolia, thousands of kilometers from the nearest English-speaking nation, is a reflection of the steady march of English as a world language.

44. F • Fueled by the Internet, the growing dominance of U.S. culture, and the financial realities of globalization, English is now taking hold in Asia, and elsewhere, just as it has done in many European countries.

45. G • In Korea, six “English villages” are being established where paying students can have their passports stamped for intensive weeks of English-language immersion, taught by native speakers imported from all over the English-speaking world.

46. H • The most ambitious, an $85 million English town near Seoul, will have Western architecture, signs, and a resident population of English-speaking foreigners.

47. I • In Iraq, where Arabic and Kurdish are to be the official language, there is a growing movement to add English, a neutral link for a nation split along ethnic lines.

48. J • In Iraqi Kurdistan, there is an explosion in English-languages studies, fueled partly by an affinity for Britain and the United States, and partly by the knowledge that neighboring Turkey may soon join the European Union, where English is emerging as the dominant language.

49. K • In Chile, the government has embarked on a national program of teaching English in all elementary and high schools. • The goal is to make that nation of 15 million people bilingual in English within a generation. • The models are the Netherlands and the Nordic nations, which have achieved virtual bilingualism in English since World War II.

50. L • The rush toward English in Mongolia has not been without its bumps. • After taking office after the elections here in June, Elbegdorj shocked Mongolians by announcing that it would become a bilingual nation, with English as the second language.