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Evaluation for Congenital Heart Diseases

Evaluation for Congenital Heart Diseases. Seoul National University Hospital Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery. Heart Diseases in Children. Congenital heart diseases Rheumatic heart disease : Rheumatic fever Other acquired diseases: Kawasaki

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Evaluation for Congenital Heart Diseases

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  1. Evaluation for Congenital Heart Diseases Seoul National University Hospital Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery

  2. Heart Diseases in Children Congenital heart diseases Rheumatic heart disease : Rheumatic fever Other acquired diseases: Kawasaki Cardiomyopathy Arrhythmia

  3. Effects of CHD • No effect on a child • Decreased function when stressed • Decreased cardiopulmonary function • Other organ/system manifestation

  4. Presentation of CHD • Shock like symptoms • Cyanosis • Congestive symptoms • Exercise intolerance • Asymptomatic heart murmur • Abnormality in routine chest PA • Chest pain • Syncope/ seizure/ fainting • Airway obstruction/ dysphagia

  5. Shock like Symptoms • Non-specific: collapse, pallor, cold clammy skin, hypotension, oligouria, acidosis • HLHS, critical AS, IAA, COAunable to maintain systemic output during transitional circulation • Most common in neonate / infancy • Very important to recognize

  6. Cyanosis • Cyanosis: more than 5.0g% of reduced Hb. • Central versus Peripheral cyanosis • Central cyanosis: CNS, heart, lung • Pathophysiology: TGA, TOF, CML, DDPC

  7. Congestion • Symptoms: dyspnea on feeding, sweating, poor weight gain, frequent respiratory infection • Most common mode in infancy • Obligatory shunt lesions/ Left to right shunt lesions/ CML with no PS/ Myocarditis/ Arrhythmia

  8. Asymptomatic Murmur • Heart murmur noted in routine examination • ASD, VSD, PS, AS, Bicuspid AV • Common mode in childhood • Murmur does not mean there is a CHD • No murmur does not mean there is no CHD

  9. Abnormality in Chest PA Corrected TGA/ Pericardial Defect/ Cardiac Tumor

  10. Chest Pain * Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery * Aortic stenosis(severe) / Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

  11. Syncope/ Seizure/ Fainting • Anoxic spell of acyanotic TOF • Arrhythmia : VT, SVT, long QT syndrome • Syncope on exercise : AS, SAS, IHSS

  12. Airway Obstruction/ Dysphagia

  13. Airway Obstruction / Dysphagia Abnormal PA Branching

  14. Mode of / Age at Presentation • Collapse : within 3-4 days • Cyanosis : usually within a month • Congestion : 1-5 months • Murmur : any time

  15. Diagnosis of Cardiac Diseases • Anatomic Diagnosis • Hemodynamic Evaluation • Total assessment / Prognosis • Etiologic Diagnosis

  16. Diagnostic Tools • History and physical examination • Chest X ray / EKG / Blood study • Echocardiography/ Other imaging tools • Catheterization/ Other invasive tools

  17. Accuracy of Tools • History/PE : important, rarely specific • X-ray/EKG : not-confirmative • Echocardiography: confirmative, but non-invasive • Cardiac catheterization : confirmative, but invasive

  18. History Taking • Cyanosis: onset, progression, anoxic spell • Congestion: feeding, wt. gain, respiratory infection, sweating, tachy-dyspnea • Exercise tolerance: easy fatigability, DOE • Possible Causes: maternal diseases, drug, infection, family history

  19. Physical Examination • Inspection :general appearance, nutrition, syndrome?, facial morphology, jugular venous pulse, respiratory pattern, rate, chest retraction, alae nasi flaring, dyspnea, precordial bulging, cyanosis, clubbing • Palpation: apical pulse, precordial activity, thrill, arterial pulse, location and size of liver and spleen • Auscultation: S1, S2, abnormal sounds, murmur • Please do not pull out stethoscope before you observe patients carefully

  20. Chest X-ray Heart size, shape, pulmonary vascularity

  21. Chest X-ray

  22. Electrocardiography

  23. Purposes of Imaging • Anatomic-pathologic diagnosis • Hemodynamic assessment (velocity, flow, pressure, stress-strain) • Volume, function, wall motion, torsion • Coronary perfusion / Metabolism • Tissue characterization

  24. Echocardiography • Easy, non-invasive, accurate, real-time • Anatomic and physiologic information • Changed practice of pediatric cardiology

  25. Echocardiograhy - Modalities • M-mode / 2-D / 3-D • Doppler / color Doppler • Trans-thoracic, trans-esophageal, trans-abdominal, trans-vaginal, intra-cardiac, intra-vascular

  26. Echocardiograhy

  27. Echocardiograhy

  28. M-mode Echocardiograhy

  29. 3-D Echocardiograhy

  30. New Development in Echo • Imaging: edge detection/auto-measurement • Doppler: 3-D flow / stress-strain • Contrast echo: coronary perfusion

  31. Other Imaging Tools • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • CT / Electron-beam CT (EBCT) • Radionuclide / SPECT • Positron Emission Tomography

  32. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spin echo Gradient echo Velocity encoded

  33. Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Sectional still image/ cine image/ 3-D • Flow information / volume flow • Less window dependant / post-op study, older age / functional evaluation

  34. Magnetic Resonance Imaging

  35. Magnetic Resonance Imaging

  36. Computerized Tomography

  37. Computerized Tomography

  38. Radionuclide Study

  39. Radionuclide Study

  40. Positron Emission Tomography

  41. Purposes of Catheterization • Anatomic diagnosis • Hemodynamic assessment • Interventional procedure

  42. Equipment • Biplane monitor / Cine with digital subtraction • Patient monitoring : EKG, BP, pulse oximeter • Physiologic signal amplifier and recording device • Blood gas, O2 consumption, Dye/ Thermodilution • Emergency treatment tools : • Room for Others : anesthesia, echo, exercise

  43. Catheterization Room

  44. Fluoroscopic Monitor

  45. Physiologic Signal - Display & Recording

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