1 / 55

HOAÙ HOÏC HÖÕU CÔ

HOAÙ HOÏC HÖÕU CÔ. CHÖÔNG 6 Alkanes. Organic Chemistry. GIÔÙI THIEÄU MOÂN HOÏC. : HOÙA HOÏC HÖÕU CÔ (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY) Soá tín chæ: 3 (3.1.6) Maõ soá moân hoïc: 606010 Noäi dung toùm taét moân hoïc: Lieân keát- Caáu taïo-caáu truùc hôïp chaát höõu cô

ora
Download Presentation

HOAÙ HOÏC HÖÕU CÔ

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. HOAÙ HOÏC HÖÕU CÔ CHÖÔNG 6 Alkanes Organic Chemistry

  2. GIÔÙI THIEÄU MOÂN HOÏC • : HOÙA HOÏC HÖÕU CÔ • (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY) • Soá tín chæ: 3 (3.1.6) • Maõ soá moân hoïc: 606010 • Noäi dung toùm taét moân hoïc: • Lieân keát- Caáu taïo-caáu truùc hôïp chaát höõu cô • Phaûn öùng vaø cô cheá phaûn öùng höõu cô • Caùc phöông phaùp cô baûn toång hôïp caùc hôïp chaát höõu cô • Tính chaát lyù hoùa caùc hôïp chaát höõu cô • ÖÙng duïng: Hôïp chaát maøu, hôùp chaát coù höông, chaát hoaït ñoäng beà maët, chaát noå, chaát dieät khuaån-coân truøng, chaát kích thích taêng tröôûng….

  3. Unbranched Alkanes • “Straight-chain” alkanes have a zig-zag orientation when they are in their most straight orientation

  4. Branched Alkanes • Branched alkanes have at least one carbon which is attached to more than two other carbons

  5. Physical Properties • Boiling points of unbranched alkanes increase smoothly with number of carbons • CH4-C4H10: gazes • Melting points roughly increase with number of carbons • C5H12-C17H36: liquids • Low polarity • Insoluble in water • Soluble in non-polar solvents

  6. Physical Properties • The boiling point increases with the length of the chain

  7. Structural Isomers • Constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms

  8. IUPAC Rules for Alkanes and Alkyl Halides • Select the longest continuous chain Basic name • Number the carbons form the end nearest the first branch Numbering • Locate substituents on the main chain Location If two substituents on the same carbon, use the number twice • Identify substituents Identification if more than one use “di”, “tri”, “tetra”,… • Put substituents in alphabetical order • Separate numbers from letters using dashes and place the basic name at the end.

  9. DANH PHAÙP http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/

  10. Radicals • CH3- methyl (Me) • CH3-CH2- ethyl (Et) • CH3-CH2-CH2- n-propyl (nPr) • (CH3)2-CH- iso-propyl (iPr) • CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2- n-butyl (nBu) • (CH3)2-CH-CH2- iso-butyl (iBu) • (CH3)3-C- tert-butyl (tBu) • C6H5- phenyl (Ph)

  11. DANH PHAÙP

  12. DANH PHAÙP

  13. Alkanes

  14. DANH PHAÙP

  15. DANH PHAÙP

  16. LAI HOÁ sp3

  17. Nobel prize 1969 • Sir Derek Barton (UK, 1918-1998) • Odd Hassel (Norway, 1897-1981) • for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"

  18. Sir Derek Barton • Nobel Lecture starting with this citation:

  19. Stereoisomers • Conformers • Isomers resulting from the free rotation of a single bond • Ethane: staggered conformation (C-H bonds on adjacent carbons as far apart from each other as possible) The drawing to the right is called a Newman projection • eclipsed conformation: all C-H bonds on adjacent carbons directly on top of each other

  20. The Newman Representation

  21. The Newman Representation • Staggered and eclipsed Staggered Eclipsed

  22. 3D Formulas

  23. The Torsional Strains Staggered: most stable Eclipsed: least stable

  24. Ethane conformation • the staggered conformation is more stable than eclipsed by 12 kJ mol-1

  25. ÑOÀNG PHAÂN CAÁU DAÏNG

  26. ÑOÀNG PHAÂN CAÁU DAÏNG

  27. Butane • Anti most stable • Fully eclipsed most unstable

  28. Butane • Gauche less stable than anti • Eclipsed less unstable than fully eclipsed

  29. Butane

  30. Butane

  31. ÑOÀNG PHAÂN CAÁU DAÏNG

  32. ÑOÀNG PHAÂN CAÁU DAÏNG

  33. Preparation of Alkanes • Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes

  34. Preparation of Alkanes

  35. Preparation of Alkanes

  36. Preparation of Alkanes

  37. Preparation of Alkanes • The Kolbe reaction is the electrosynthesis of hydrocarbons via electrooxidation of carboxylic acids.

  38. Preparation of Alkanes

  39. Preparation of Alkanes

  40. Reduction/Oxidation • Reduction: gain of hydrogen, loss of oxygen, … • Level of oxidation decreases • Oxidation: gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen, … • Level of oxidation increases • Hydrogenation: reduction of alkenes and alkynes

  41. Syn Addition in Heterogeneous Catalysis • hydrogen and alkene adsorbed to the catalyst surface

  42. Syn Addition • Both hydrogens add to the same face of the alkene (syn addition)

  43. Examples • 1,2-dimethylcyclohexene

  44. Reduction of Alkyl Halides • With metals

  45. Paul Sabatier (1854-1941) • Nobel Prize 1912 • "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years" • University of Toulouse, France

  46. Victor Grignard • Nobel prize 1912 • "for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry" • University of Nancy, France • Ph. Barbier, University of Lyon, France • Barbier reaction

  47. Grignard Reagents • Grignard reagent preparation • Reaction of organic halides with magnesium turnings in ether (DRY ether) • Killed with water: form alkanes

  48. Grignard Reagents • Strongly react with water • Grignard reagents behave as if they were carbanions and they are therefore very strong bases • R rich in electron

  49. Grignard Reagents • Formally: conversion of halides to hydrogen • The Grignard reaction: addition of Grignard reagents to carbonyls

  50. Elias J. Corey • Nobel Prize 1990 • "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" • Harvard University, USA • Many Corey reactions… • (Corey-Winter, Corey-Chakovsky, Corey-Bakshi-Shibata, Corey-Fuchs, Corey-Kim, …) • … and reagents • PDC, PCC, …

More Related