Challenges to liberalism related to foreign policy

1. Chapter 7 – Unit 2 Challenges to liberalism related to foreign policy

2. The Cold War (1945 – 1991) shaped the second half of the 20th century, and it continues to have significant influence not only on international relations, but also on the citizenship and daily lives of people around the world. In chapter 7, we will consider the Cold War and related examples of international conflict to explore: The extent that ideological conflict has on shaping our world. Chapter focus

3. Date: 1914 – 1919 Event: World War 1, the Great War, War to end all Wars Significance: long term causes of the war led to the imperialistic foreign policies of the great wars of Europe. Summary: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria sparked the war that killed more than 9 million combatants. The Allies - France and the British Empire(Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Egypt, India) vs. The Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungry, Ottoman Empire (Slovakia, Czech Republic, Bosnia, Croatia, Romania, Slovenia, Italy) World wars – D.E.S.S.K

4. Date: 1939 – 1945 Event: World War II Significance:  It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million people serving in military units. Marked by significant events involving the mass death of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it resulted in 50 million to over 70 million fatalities. These deaths make World War II by far the deadliest conflict in all of human history. Summary: Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria) versus Allies (U.S., Britain, France, USSR, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia). Key concepts: Holocaust World wars – D.E.S.S.K

5. The Cold War, which followed the Second World War, was an all-out political, economic, and social struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States. They both wanted victory over not only each other, but also over other countries around the world. Cold war 1945 - 1991

6. Less than a year after WWII, Prime Minister of Britain – Winston Churchill, delivered a speech and coined the metaphor The Iron Curtain to describe the division between American (democratic) and Soviet (communist) ideologies. The Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. Cold war 1945 - 1991 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvax5VUvjWQ The Berlin Wall was a physical manifestation of the iron curtain metaphor used by British prime minister Winston Churchill.

7. Includes the US and Western Democracies – much of Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe including West Germany, Switzerland, Austria later gaining control of many other regions. Viewed the concept of The Iron Curtain as a 1. barrier meant to contain those oppressed by communism 2. restriction to civil and economic freedoms Western democratic ideological perspective (NATO)

8. Includes the Soviet and Eastern Bloc Nations – Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, • Saw the Iron Curtain as a protective measure protecting themselves from • Capitalist influences • The potential expansion of fascism The Soviet ideological perspective (Warsaw PACT)

9. Physically, the Iron Curtain took the form of border defenses between the countries of Europe in the middle of the continent. The Iron Curtain is painted as a black line.  Warsaw Pact countries on one side of the Iron Curtain appear shaded red; NATO members on the other are shaded blue; militarily neutral countries are shaded grey. Yugoslavia, although it was communist-run, remained largely independent of the two major blocs and is shaded green.  The Iron Curtain

11. Whether it was ideology or simply the desire for economic and political power that drove the United States and the Soviet Union is open for debate. The Cold War between the two superpowers caused long-term global tension and disharmony. These two countries emerged from WWII stronger than they were before they entered it. Soviet Union vs. The United States

12. They had both mobilized their resources and used them to maximum effect: • Building more weapons • Placing citizens in military positions more so than ever before in either country’s history • Expanded territorial control and influence far beyond previous limits • Due to their great influence around the world and economic and military strengths, the US and the Soviet Union were considered superpowers. Soviet Union vs. The United States

13. Allied forces could see that the Second World War would soon end. The “Big Three”(Stalin, FDR, Churchill) met at Yalta (on the Black Sea) Attempt to plan how the war would end and the future for postwar Europe. Essentially they planned to re-draw the map of Europe. Yalta – February 1945 conference

14. the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. Germany would undergo demilitarization and denazification. After the war, Germany and Berlin would be split into four occupied zones. Nazi war criminals were to be hunted down and brought to justice. German reparations were partly to be in the form of forced labor. The forced labor was to be used to repair damage Germany inflicted on its victims Stalin requested that all of the 16 Soviet Socialist Republics would be granted U.N. membership. This was taken into consideration, but 14 republics were denied. A "Committee on Dismemberment of Germany" was to be set up. Its purpose was to decide whether Germany was to be divided into six nations. Key points from Yalta

15. Between American President Harry Truman, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill (Clement Attlee) met. Regardless of the outcome, these men would determine the future course of world history. Gathered to decide how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier, on 8 May The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of the war. Potsdam July 1945 Conference

16. In the 5 months since the Yalta Conference, some things had changed: • The Soviet Union was occupying Central and Eastern Europe • Britain had a new Prime Minister – Clement Attlee • America had a new President - Vice-President Harry Truman assumed the presidency Relationships amongst leaders

17. The superpowers of the Cold War practiced expansionism – attempt to enlarge territorial and ideological influence beyond a country’s borders and allies. This is exactly what both the Soviet Union and the United States would practice until the end of the Cold War in 1999. This is where we see a shift in some territory including Yugoslavia which had managed to stay neutral throughout the unrest of this time. Gaining power

18. End of WWII, the US and the Soviet Union began to establish their spheres of influence in Europe displaying their dominance over certain territories and countries. Containment was used by both parties in an attempt to impede the other groups ability to expand Many historians would argue that containment was used by Stalin as a way to “command the world economy” in a distasteful way. Gaining power

19. As outlined by the Truman Doctrine of 1947, The United States framed its expansionism in terms of providing other countries with • The freedom to choose the side whose governing ideology would “fit” their political stance. • Western Democratic. Goal – “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. • Soviet Communism. Goal - spread world-wide Communism. Truman doctrine 1947

20. At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic stability and orderly political process. -Harry S. Truman March 1947

21. In postwar Europe—and around the world—countries were making exactly the choices that Truman described. Truman wanted to stop Soviet expansionism to contain the communist influence and, rather than resorting to a hot war (which includes troops and battles in direct conflict), the United States fought its ideological conflict by creating alliances and giving aid. President Truman 1884-1972

22. The biggest aid plan was the Marshall Plan, a $13 billion ($100 billion today) plan to help the recovery of countries ravaged by war in Europe. Over the lifespan of the Marshall Plan 17 countries in Europe received funds and technical expertise from the United States Marshall plan – European recovery plan 1947 – 1952

23. The Soviet satellite states (now communist) rejected the Marshall Plan aid for a number of reasons: • Recipients of aid were expected to submit a through economic assessment and participate in a unified European economy • Abide to conditions that were incompatible with Soviet Ideology • Questionable that the US would follow-through with aid to countries under the influence of a communist power. Rejection of aid

24. The Marshall Plan was highly conditional assuming that states would: • Balance their budgets • Stop inflation and stabilize their exchange rates at realistic levels • Impose free market policies on Western Europe in return for aid Expectations

25. As an alternative to American aid, the Soviets proposed their own aid package. • The Molotov Plan involved: • Bilateral trade agreements that helped to consolidate the economies of socialist countries such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania • To solidify the Soviet presence in Europe Soviet aid package – Molotov Plan

26. The Second World War has come to an end. Japan has been defeated. Germany has surrendered. Nuclear bombs have been dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Berlin has been shelled, bombed, and blasted for days and weeks on end by the Allied bomber-planes. Berlin, Germany 1945

27. The moment the Second World War ended, another war started – The Cold War. A war of ideologies between the capitalists and communists. The Germans had started the Franco-Prussian War, the First World War and the Second World War. The Allies were too aware of Germany’s potential to allow them to control their own future. Instead, the German nation was occupied. Berlin, Germany

28. Germany was split in two. The Americans, the British, and the French took joint control of West Germany The Soviets took control of East Germany. The capital city of Berlin was slightly problematic because it was located smack in the middle of East Germany. The Allies refused to allow the capital to become communist, so the city too, was divided up. Postwar Germany

29. Attempting to seize control of the German capital, the Soviets, under Stalin’s leadership, attempted to starve Berlin into submission. All road transport and rail transport to Berlin was cut off. Roads and railway lines were barricaded and utility-supplies were cut off affecting 2.1 million west Berliners. They wanted their slice of Berlin and they wanted it now! Berlin Airlift and blockade June 1948

30. Berlin was no longer seen as the ‘enemy’. It was not Nazified anymore. It was an ordinary city just like any other but it was a city that wanted to be free and capitalist They were being held hostage by the REDS who wanted it all for themselves. The people of Berlin were trapped in a hole. Berlin, Germany

31. In response, the Western Allies organized the Berlin airlift to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin. The airlift was nothing less than dozens of day-and-night deliveries of food, clothing and other supplies to the city of Berlin by air, from West Germany to East Germany. At the height of the airlift, flights were landing in West Berlin at the rate of one every three minutes. Berlin Airlift and blockade

32. The Berlin Airlift lasted from June, 1948 until April of 1949. During those months, Western planes flew over Berlin, dropping parachute-lowered supplies of food to the people of Berlin. They dropped milk, bread, gum, and chocolate bars – in an attempt to keep the morale of the people high and their bodies healthy. Berlin airlift and blockade

33. The airlift was a big success and a total humiliation to the Soviets who thought that they could overpower the West and keep a hold on the German capital. When the Soviets realized that the West would not stop with its airlift, they had to admit defeat and the blockade on Berlin was lifted. Berlin airlift and blockade

34. The blockade was lifted in May 1949. • After approximately 100 casualties with 17 US and 8 British planes crashing. • Resulted in the creation of two separate German states. • The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) • German Democratic Republic (East Germany) split up Berlin. Berlin blockade 1948 - 1949

35. When the Soviet blockade of Berlin failed, the Soviets had to bow to pressure from the West to divide Berlin between the Capitalists and the Communists, just like the rest of the country. For the next 41 years, West Berlin would become an island of capitalism amongst a sea of communism, surrounded on all sides by East Berlin and East Germany. East Berlin became part of the Soviet Union, a prison city with its people under siege. Physical boundaries – Berlin

36. Berliners were terrified of living under the heel of the Soviets and they wanted out of this “Soviet city.” Between 1949 and 1961, thousands of East Berlin citizens fled to the West. There was no Berlin wall during these years of the city’s history and East Berliners could flee to the west with relative ease, however Berliners weren’t the only people running. Physical boundaries

37. It wasn’t just the citizens of Berlin fleeing the Soviets, East Germans everywhere were fleeing from the Soviets but were forced into Berlin due to travel restrictions. Once you got into Berlin, it was easy to get to the West. The Soviets were worried that it was too easy so in order to stop the easy flow, they built a wall. Physical boundaries

38. Even though there had been tension between the Soviets and the West ever since the end of the Second World war in 1945, it wasn’t until 1961 that the Soviets actually tried in any serious capacity, to stop people from getting in to the West. This all changed on the night of August 12th, 1961. The Berlin Wall: 1961

39. That evening the order was given for the border between East and West Berlin to be officially closed and for a wall to be erected. The wall was put up in record time and by six o’clock the on the morning of August 13th, Berlin was a city divided. It became obvious quite quickly that the Soviets were serious about keeping the people of East Berlin penned in. The Berlin wall 1961

40. The Berlin Wall was a series of walls constructed in a slap-up overnight job of wood, brick, concrete blocks, and barbed wire. In some areas of the wall, the only thing keeping East and West Berliners apart was a few feet of barbed wire stretched out across a road. People who were desperate enough could push and cut their way through and could still get across to the West. Some even used car-bombs to blast holes in the wall. Building of the Berlin wall 1961

41. In order to make the wall in record time, the East German army took a few shortcuts. Where possible, they followed roads and streets to make the wall as straight and as short as possible. They incorporated walls of buildings into this first generation of the wall to speed up the construction. The Soviets were quick to see the loopholes in their design (people jumping out of windows) and responded by bricking up windows and doorframes that opened out into West Berlin. Building of the Berlin wall 1961

42. The Soviets could see that their quick fixes would not serve the purpose and the initial barrier was not working. Between 1962 and 1965, the second and eventually, third versions of the Berlin Wall were constructed of huge slabs of concrete that were tough, high and impossible to blast through, ram with cars or climb over. Building of the Berlin wall 1962

43. Eventually by the early 1970s, the Berlin wall didn’t just divide the city, it completely surrounded it. The entirety of West Berlin was surrounded by a huge, twelve-foot high wall of solid concrete. Building of the Berlin wall

44. 1956 the Hungarian people revolted against their Stalinist government, forming militias and battling the state police and Soviet troops. Less than 2 weeks – a new Hungarian government was formed, the state police were disbanded and they were working towards a democratic state. Hungary: revolution 1956

45. A Few months later, Soviet forces invaded Hungary and • defeated the newly independent country • reversed the changes that came from the revolution • restored Pro-Soviet government. • Soviet power within Central Europe was strengthened. • Message - the irreversibility of communism and Soviet influence was sent around the world. Hungary revolution 1956

46. 1968, reformist Alexander Dubcek (Doob-chick) came to power in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR). • Under new rule, he • Granted additional rights and freedoms to its citizens • Loosening restrictions on the media, speech, and travel • Limited the power of the secret police • A 10 year plan towards democratic elections Czechoslovak socialist republic 1968

47. The Soviets launched talks with the Czechoslovakian government to reach an understanding about the nature of the country’s reforms. August 20 1968, Eastern armies from the Warsaw Pact countries – Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Poland, and Hungary – invaded and occupied the CSSR Within a year, Dubcek’s reforms had been reversed. Czechoslovak socialist republic 1968

48. After WWII, Yugoslavia elected a communist government and aligned itself with the Soviet Union. Soon the Yugoslavian leader, Josip Tito began to distance his country from the Soviet Union. Tito became the first and only socialist leader to defy Stalin and reject Soviet demands for absolute loyalty to the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia

49. 1955, Yugoslavia, under Tito’s leadership, became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, an international organization of states who consider themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. Over the years, Tito adopted a more liberal government and fostered relationships with Western Countries, creating a political, economic, and ideological division between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia

50. Deterrence is a method of cold war, rather than a method of hot war. It involves the building up of one’s capacity to fight such that neither opponent will fight because of the expected outcomes. After the 1945 bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the development of nuclear weapons by the Soviets in 1949, the governments of the world knew that a hot war between the superpowers would mean a nuclear war, one that would kill not only the opponents but also the population of the entire planet. deterrence