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Myriapoda and Hexapoda

Myriapoda and Hexapoda. Chapter 15. Characteristics. Enormously successful 750,000 species Many undescribed 75% of all living species. Characteristics. Insect dominance Waxy epicuticle Flight. Sub Phylum Myriapoda. Four Classes Two Body Tagmata Head Trunk Uniramous appendages

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Myriapoda and Hexapoda

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  1. Myriapoda and Hexapoda Chapter 15

  2. Characteristics • Enormously successful • 750,000 species • Many undescribed • 75% of all living species

  3. Characteristics • Insect dominance • Waxy epicuticle • Flight

  4. Sub Phylum Myriapoda • Four Classes • Two Body Tagmata • Head • Trunk • Uniramous appendages • Terrestrial

  5. Class Diplopoda • Class Diplopoda • Millipedes • 11 to 100 trunk segments • 2 appendages per trunk segment

  6. Class Diplopoda • Most are round in shape • Live all over the world • Low level of wax on epicuticle

  7. Class Diplopoda • Eat dead and decaying plant material • Roll into a ball • Prevent desiccation • Defense

  8. Class Diplopoda • Repugnatorial glands • Hydrogen Cyanide production • Gain appendages and segments as they molt

  9. Class Chilopoda • Class Chilopoda • Centipedes • Nocturnal • One pair of appendages per trunk segment • 15 or more segments

  10. Class Chilopoda • Last pair of appendages are used for sensory • Flat body • Eat small arthropods, earthworms, and snails or frogs and rodents

  11. Class Chilopoda • Poison claws are modified first appendages • Fast for their size • Large tropical species can kill humans

  12. Class Pauropoda • Class Pauropoda • Soft bodied animals • 11 segments • Feed on fungi and decaying plant matter

  13. Class Symphyla • Class Symphyla • Three tagmata • No eyes • 12 segments with single pairs of legs

  14. Subphylum Hexapoda • Two Classes • Three Tagmata • Five head appendages • Three pairs of legs on each thorax

  15. Class Insecta • Class Insecta • Most successful land animals • One pair of antenae • Wings • Three pairs of legs

  16. Class Insecta • External Structure • Three tagmata • Head • Single pair of antennae • Compound eyes • Sometimes ocelli

  17. Class Insecta • Thorax • Three segments - prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax • Wings with veins

  18. Class Insecta • Abdomen • 10 to 11 segments • Lateral folds to allow for expansion • Spiracles

  19. Class Insecta • Flight • Insects were the first animals to fly • Wings are thought to have come from protective coverings

  20. Class Insecta • Direct or synchronous flight • Grasshopper, butterflies, and dragonflies • Muscles at the base of wings and on the exoskeleton

  21. Class Insecta • Indirect or asynchronous flight • Flies and wasps • Muscles change the shape of the exoskeleton • Fibillar flight muscles

  22. Class Insecta • Other Locomotion • Walk, swim, run, or jump • Cockroach reaches speeds of 5km/hr. • Fleas can jump 100 times their size

  23. Class Insecta • Nutrition • Three segment gut

  24. Class Insecta • Biting Mouthparts • Labrum – upper lip • Sensory • Mandible – Chewing (teeth) • Maxillae – cutting surface, sensory • Labrium – Sensory lower lip • Hypopharynx – tongue-like structure • Grasshoppers

  25. Class Insecta • Sucking Mouthparts • Mosquitoes

  26. Class Insecta • Sponging Mouthparts • Labellum – modified labium • Saliva is secreted • Mouth sponges up liquid • Flies

  27. Class Insecta • Gas Exchange • Trachea open to spiracles • Store bicarbonate • Aquatic insects diffuse straight to water

  28. Class Insecta • Circulation • Similar to other arthropods • Amoeboid cells • Ectotherms or heterotherms • Shivering Thermogenesis

  29. Class Insecta • Nervous • Similar to annelids • Some can learn • Setae and mechanoreceptors • Johnston’s Organs • Tympanal Organs

  30. Class Insecta • Excretion • Malphigian tubules • Uric acid

  31. Class Insecta • Chemical regulation • Controls many functions • Pheromones

  32. Class Insecta • Reproduction • Controlled by a number of factors • Food, photoperiod, population density, temperature, and humidity • Indirect fertilization • Silverfish and springtails

  33. Class Insecta • Metamorphosis • Ametabolous metamorphosis • Hemimetabolous metamorphosis • Holometabolous metamorphosis

  34. Class Insecta • Insect Behavior • Most innate • Social qualities • Castes

  35. Class Insecta • Only 0.5% harmful to humans • 65% pollinate plants • Control qualities • Some parasitic • Lice, fleas

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