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Understanding Digestive Processes: Enzymes, Functions, and Nutrient Absorption

Dive into the intricate world of digestion with insights from experts like Peter Mitchell and Paul Boyer. Learn about the vital role of enzymes such as pepsin in low pH environments, how different organs contribute to digestion, and the fascinating mechanics of swallowing in zero gravity. Explore the functions of the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, and understand how they work together to break down food and absorb nutrients. This engaging overview provides essential knowledge for anyone interested in biology and the human body.

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Understanding Digestive Processes: Enzymes, Functions, and Nutrient Absorption

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  1. Peter Mitchell: Diffusion is the answer!

  2. Paul Boyer: I think it actually twists!

  3. Masasuke Yoshida “check this out.”

  4. Masasuke Yoshida “check this out.”

  5. Masasuke Yoshida “check this out.”

  6. Which of the following enzymes work most effectively at a very low pH? • Salivary amylase • Trypsin • Pepsin • Pancreatic amylase • Pancreatic lipase

  7. Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function? • Stomach –protein digestion • Oral cavity -starch digestion • Large intestine –bile production • Small intestine –nutrient absorption • Pancreas –enzyme production

  8. In zero gravity environment of space, how does food swallowed by an astronaut reach her stomach? • Swallowing hard • Running around wheel creates -> artificial gravity • Involuntary muscle contractions • IV administration of nutrients

  9. 1. MouthMechanical and chemical processing (chewing reduces size of food; saliva digests carbohydrates) Salivary glands Secretes enzymes that digest carbohydrates Liver Secretes molecules required for digestion of fats 2. Esophagus Transports food 3. StomachMechanical and chemical processing (digestion of proteins) 4. Small intestine Chemical processing and absorption (digestion of proteins, fats, carbohydrates; absorption of nutrients and water) Gall bladder Stores secretions from liver; empties into small intestine Pancreas Secretes enzymes and other materials into small intestine 5. Large intestineWater absorption and feces formation

  10. Stomach End of esophagus Sphincter seals off stomach from esophagus Sphincter seals off stomach from small intestine Layers of muscle Beginning of small intestine Lumen (interior)

  11. Stomach lining Canal empties to lumen Parietal cells (secrete HCl) Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen)

  12. Secretion of HCI by parietal cells CA CO2 + H2O H2CO3 Canal empties to lumen Parietal cell

  13. Secretion of HCI by parietal cells CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ H+ HCO3– ATP Canal empties to lumen Parietal cell

  14. Secretion of HCI by parietal cells HCl to lumen CO2 + H2O H2CO3 To blood H+ H+ HCO3– HCO3– ATP Cl– Cl– Cl– Cl– Chloride channel From blood Canal empties to lumen Parietal cell

  15. Stomach -Enzymes, Hormones, other? • Enzymes: pepsinogen (inactive)-> pepsin (protease) from chief cells • Other: HCl -> denature ECM bacteria, from parietal cells, activator of pepsin • Other: Mucins/mucus protective from goblet or mucus cells • Other: mechanical churning -> acid chyme • Hormones: Gastrin (+), CCK/secretin (-), enterogastrone (-- pyloric sphinct)

  16. Enzymes, Hormones, other? • Your turn enzymes? -> Protocol Expert (PE) hormones? -> Data Recorder (DR) other -> Laboratory Technician (LT) poem -> (if have one) Primary Investigator (PI)

  17. Absorption

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