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The Creation of Nation-States

The Creation of Nation-States. Big Changes in 19th Century Europe. Mid - Late 1800s Big Ideas. 1848 revolts collapsed >> Conservative ↑↑ Crimean War ends Concert of Europe & spurs instability and change Italian unification by war & diplomacy German unification by war, led by OVB

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The Creation of Nation-States

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  1. The Creation of Nation-States Big Changes in 19th Century Europe

  2. Mid - Late 1800s Big Ideas • 1848 revolts collapsed >> Conservative ↑↑ • Crimean War ends Concert of Europe & spurs instability and change • Italian unification by war & diplomacy • German unification by war, led by OVB • Changes in Austria, France & Russia • Victorian Age of GB: Disraeli & Gladstone • Ireland ??

  3. Crimean War (1853 – 56) • Root Causes • R expansion • Religious Protection • Realities • R occupies OE lands • OE / GB / F vs. R • Poorly fought • Outcomes • Ends Concert of Europe • R loses land & prestige / Black Sea • Political Instability

  4. Ottoman Empire Reforms • Hatti-I Sharif >> Tanzimat (reform) Era • More Legal Equality • Hatti-i Hϋmayun • Euro ideas in OE • Equal rights / duty • Power struggles • Balkan Wars 1870s • Lost Land >> modernization • Rise of Young Turks 1908 • ↑↑ Secularization divides / weakens OE

  5. Italian Unification… in phases • Romantic Republicans • Ineffective secret societies 1830s-40s • Carbonari (N) = Middle Class • No peasant support • Giuseppe Mazzini = Young Italy • Poor, Republican, anti-RCC • Guerilla Warfare >> fear! • Moderates seek Papal Leadership 1848 • Pope Pius IX … failed Roman Republic  • Leadership vacuum… now what?

  6. Italian UnificationMachiavellian Style • Camillo Cavour ($) • PM Piedmont • Economic Nationalism • Piedmont v. Austria • Supports F / GB in Crimea • Def. Austria = Land • Sardinia-Piedmont controls N. Italy… next?

  7. Italian Unification… final phases • Giuseppe Garibaldi • Red Shirts… rebels! • Sicily >> Naples • Unification • Sicily + Naples + P-S = Italy! • King Victor Emmanuel II • Venice + Rome… join • Realities… Transformismo = corruption • N =$$, modern, industry • S = poor, backward, rural

  8. German Unification • 1848 unification attempts by liberals failed • Zollverein= trade union G together $$ • Otto von Bismarck = Prussian Chancellor • Conservative • Unify by eliminating Austrian influence • Provoked WAR to unify: “Kleindeutsch” • Danish War: A+P v D >>Schleswig- Holstein • Austro-Prussian War >> Treaty of Prague • Annexes northern kingdoms • Franco-Prussian War… Pr + southern German States v F >> Alsace • Germany! OVB 1st Chancellor of 2nd Reich

  9. Germany Created 1871!

  10. Changes in France… again! • Empire >> Liberal Republic • Paris Commune… 1871 riots • Some liberals want Paris to separate • Occupied by Prussia 1871 - 73 • New National Assembly >> 3rd Republic 1873

  11. Controversy in France • Dreyfus Affair • Alfred Dreyfus accused as a traitor • Corrupt trial >> guilty! • Rising Anti-semitism • Public outrage over corruption = division! • Emile Zola “J’Accuse” • T. Herzl + Zionism

  12. Changes in Habsburg Austria • Multi-ethnic Austrian Empire • Magyars (Hungarians) seek recognition & power • Emperor tries to change… Magyars reject changes… • Austrian defeats >> concessions lead to dual kingdom (A – H) • Other minorities (Czech, Slovaks, etc.) want change, rejected by A • Discontent inside the empire

  13. Changes in Russia • Russia behind, no industrialism… Crimean War = exposed, lost prestige abroad & at home >> “Autocratic absolutism…” • Alexander II >> reformer… Emancipation of serfs 1861… new courts, limited freedoms + ∆s in military…assassinated  • Alexander III >> oppressive, autocratic… secret police, limited freedom of press…

  14. Changes in Great Britain • Parliamentary Monarchy… liberal or conservative? • Queen Victoria… Victorian England… Etiquette, Empire • Reforms… 2nd Reform Act = increase suffrage • Benjamin Disraeli…conservative • William Gladstone… liberal • Irish Question… home rule?

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