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Decoding Genetics: From Genes to Proteins

Explore the intricate process of translation, where genetic code is converted into polypeptides in the cytoplasm by players such as tRNA, mRNA, and ribosomes. Learn about initiation, elongation, and termination steps, as well as the impact of mutations on DNA sequences.

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Decoding Genetics: From Genes to Proteins

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  1. How Genes Work 14.1 Translation

  2. What is translation? • Conversion of code to polypeptide • Happens in cytoplasm • Players • tRNA • Anticodon • mRNA • Ribosomes

  3. What does the ribosome do? • Two parts to ribosome • 60S, 40S subunits (eukaryotes) • 50S, 30S subunits (prokaryotes) • Polyribosomes

  4. What are the three steps of translation? • Initiation • Elongation • Termination

  5. What happens in initiation? • Small subunit attaches at start codon • First tRNA arrives at P site • Large subunit attaches

  6. What happens in elongation? • Second tRNA arrives at A site • P site tRNA transfers amino acids to A site • Ribosome shifts to open A site • “old” tRNA released at E site

  7. What happens in termination? • Ribosome reaches stop codon • Release factor attaches • Subunits detach

  8. How Genes Work 14.2 Mutations

  9. What is a mutation? • Permanent change in DNA sequence • Can cause cancer • Carcinogenesis • Carcinogens vs. mutagens • Two types of mutations • Point • Frameshift

  10. What is a point mutation? • Substitution of wrong nucleotide

  11. What is a frameshift mutation? • Original: • THE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE. • Point mutation: • THE BIT FLY HAD ONE RED EYE. • Frame shift mutation: • Addition: • THE BIT GFL YHA DON ERE DEY E. • Deletion: • THE BIF LYH ADO NER EDE YE. • Which is more dangerous?

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