The Fundamentals of Biology, The Marine Microbial World, Multicellular Primary Producers

1. The Fundamentals of Biology,The Marine Microbial World, Multicellular Primary Producers Chap 4 and 5 and 6

2. Life • 8 characteristics of living things • 1) • 2) • 3) • 4) • 5) • 6) • 7) • 8)

3. Life needs Energy: Photosynthesis • Organisms need to capture, store and use energy • Most organisms use only 2 sets of reactions • Photosynthesis • Respiration Photosynthesis: Making the Fuel • Capture the sun’s energy and use it to make glucose • Pigment chlorophyll captures the solar energy

4. Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2 • We rely on photosynthesis for food and oxygen • Autotrophs- organisms that photosynthesize • = Producers • Plants on land; bacteria and algae in the ocean • Algae, plants, and some microorganisms

5. Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs • Various ways to obtain energy • Autotrophs – • “Self feeders” • Use light or chemicals to create own energy • Photosynthesis (light) or Chemosynthesis (chemicals) • Light, Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonium, Nitrate, Iron, etc. • Heterotrophs – • Cannot make their own food, energy • must eat/ingest to get their food, energy

6. Life needs Energy: Respiration Respiration: Burning the Fuel Both autotrophs and heterotrophs do it Releases the energy from org. compounds Reverse of photosynthesis Organic matter C6H12O6(glucose) + O2 H2O + CO2 Chemical energy captured in ATP molecule

7. Life needs Energy : Respiration • Various ways to break down and release this energy =Respiration • Aerobic • Organic matter broken down using oxygen to release energy • Anaerobic • Organic matter broken down in the absence of oxygen

8. Types of cells: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes • Primitive cells • Ancient, simple, small • No membrane-bound organelles • Ex: Bacteria, Archae • Prokaryotes have few structures: • Cell wall – support • Ribosomes – assemble proteins • DNA – loose in the cytoplasm • Flagella – locomotion

9. Types of cells: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells are organized and complex Larger than prokaryotes Membrane-bound organelles Have specialized organelles

10. Eukaryotes • Have specialized organelles: • Nucleus – contains chromosomes (DNA) • Endoplasmic reticulum – make proteins and other org. molecules for the cell • Golgi apparatus – package, transport molecules • Mitochondria – respiration center to provide energy • May have flagella and cilia – for movement

11. Diversity of Life in the Sea • The vast diversity of organisms in the ocean came through millions of years of evolution • = The gradual alteration of a species’ genetic makeup • = Explains how species change over time • Evolution occurs because of genetic differences • Individual organisms show variation in how they: • Find food, avoid being eaten, reproduce, find mates, metabolize, etc. • The best-adapted produce more offspring than the others • This process is called natural selection

12. Diversity of Life in the Sea This process is called natural selection • As their genes get passed on the favorable traits become more common • The population’s genetic makeup changes over time as it adapts to its environment • Populations either: • adapt to the changes in the environment • or become extinct.

13. Classifying Living Things To discuss the huge variety of life forms we must first classify them What is a species? A type of organism? • = a population with common characteristics that can successfully breed with each other (fertile offspring)

14. Binomial Nomenclature • Organisms are identified with a two-word name - • Genus and species = Binomial Nomenclature Blue whale – Balaenopteramusculus Fin whale – Balaenopteraphysalus Minke whale – Balaenopteraacutorostrata • Latin or Greek is used for naming • Common names are confusing, scientific names are used worldwide to precisely identify a species

15. Phylogenetic: Reconstructing Evolution Organisms are grouped according to their relatedness • Related organisms share an evolutionary history, or phylogeny • Share a common ancestor • Look at fossil record • Anatomy • Reproduction • embryological development • DNA • behavior, etc.

16. Phylogeny of Sea Stars

17. Tree of Life Classifications have changed over time Started with two kingdoms – Animalia and Plantae Then 5 kingdoms – added Fungi, Monera, & Protista Then three domain system

18. Classification: The Three Domains • Domain Bacteria • Includes other members of old kingdom Monera • Has 1 kingdom – the Eubacteria Prokaryotes: -No Nucleus -No membrane bound organelles • Domain Archaea • Includes newly discovered cell types • Contains 1 kingdom – the Archaebacteria • Domain Eukarya • Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made • up of eukaryotic cells • – Protista • – Fungi • – Animalia • – Plantae Eukaryotes: -DNA in nucleus -Membrane Bound organelles

19. Each grouping is called a Taxon, Taxa plural Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla Phyla are subdivided into classes Classes are subdivided into orders Orders are subdivided into families Families are divided into genera Genuscontain closely related species Speciesareunique

20. Ex: Classification Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phyla: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Phocidae Genus: Pagophilus Species: groenlandicus Harp Seal, Pagophilusgroenlandicus

22. Marine Microbes and Primary Producers • Prokaryotes • Bacteria • Archae • Unicellular Algae • Diatoms • Dinoflagellates • Protozoans • Formaniferans • Radiolarians • Ciliates • Fungi • Multicellular Algae • Red-Rhodophyta • Green-Chlorophyta • Brown-Phaeophyta • Flowering Plants • True Plants • Seagrass • Salt Tolerant • Mangroves • Salt marsh grass

23. Bacteria • Cyanobacteria • Red Tide

24. Archaea

25. Extremophiles Methanogens Thermoacidophiles Hot springs sewage Great salt lakes Extreme Halophiles

26. Unicellular Algae Dinoflagellates Zooxanthelle Diatoms

27. Protozoa: Foraminiferans and Ciliates • Animal-like

28. Fungi Biotec.or.th

29. Padina japonica Multicellular Algae

30. Macrocystispyrifera

31. Flowering Plants