SECOND SEMESTER TEST

2. When an object�s distance from another object is changing, it is in ___.

3. A place or object used for comparison to determine if something is in motion is called a(n) ___.

4. Liters, meters, and grams are all ___.

5. The basic SI unit of length is the ___.

6. Speed equals distance divided by ___.

7. If the speed of an object does NOT change, the object is traveling at a(n) ___ speed.

8. If a bicyclist travels 60 kilometers in two hours, her average speed is ___.

9. If you know a car traveled 300 kilometers in 3 hours, you can find its ___ speed.

10. A train that travels 400 kilometers in 4 hours is traveling at what average speed?

11. When you know both the speed and the direction of an object�s motion, you know the ___ of the object.

12. In graphing motion, the ___ of the slope depends on how quickly or slowly the object is moving.

13. In a conversion factor, the denominator and numerator are ___.

14. The rate at which velocity changes is called ___.

15. Changing direction is an example of a kind of ___.

16. A car approaching a red light is an example of ___.

17. A reference point is assumed to be ___, or not moving.

18. A change in an object�s position relative to a reference point is called ___.

19. When riding a bicycle past a building, you are not moving relative to the ___.

20. The distance traveled by a moving object per unit of time is called ___.

21. The two components of ___ are speed and direction.

22. If two lines appear on the same motion graph, the line with the steeper ___ indicates a greater speed.

23. A golf ball ___ when either its speed or its direction changes.

24. The motion of a car stopping at a traffic light is an example of ___ acceleration, also called deceleration.

25. The abbreviation of the unit of acceleration (meters per second per second) is ___.

26. If a car is speeding up, its initial speed is ___ its final speed.

27. The overall force on an object after all the forces are added together is called the ___ force.

28. Unbalanced forces acting on an object produce ___ motion.

29. A measure of an object�s mass is a measure of the object�s ___.

30. A person traveling in a car that stops suddenly keeps moving forward because of ___.

31. Friction acts in a direction ___ to an object�s direction of motion.

32. The downward force acting on an object in free fall is the force of ___.

33. A(n) ___ is an object that is thrown.

34. When ___ equals the force of gravity on a falling object, the object reaches terminal velocity.

35. The metric unit that is most often used to describe weight is the ___.

36. As the distance between two objects decreases, the gravitational force between them ___.

37. According to Newton�s third law of motion, the strength of a reaction force is ___ the strength of the action force.

38. If the action force of a bat striking a ball accelerates the ball in one direction, the reaction force accelerates the bat in the ___ direction.

39. The momentum of an object is in the same ___ as its velocity.

40. The momentum of a skate boarder is not conserved because ___ acts on the wheels.

41. During lift-off, the thrust on a rocket is directed ___.

42. In physical science, a push or a pull is called a(n) ___.

43. When two equal forces act on the same object in opposite directions, the net force is ___.

44. When two forces act in the same direction, they ___.

45. ___ is the tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion.

46. The greater the mass of an object, the greater its ___.

47. If mass is decreased, acceleration will ___.

48. ___ is the force that one surface exerts on another when the two rub against each other.

49. Waxing skis is an example of decreasing ___ intentionally.

50. When the only force acting on a falling object is ___, the object is said to be in free fall.

51. Air resistance is a type of ___ friction.

52. The force of gravity on a person or object at the surface of a planet is known as ___.

53. ___ equals mass times acceleration due to gravity.

54. The law of universal ___ states that any two objects in the universe, without exception, attract each other.

55. Objects falling through air experience a type of friction called ___.

56. Forces can be added together only if they are acting on the ___ object.

57. Which law can explain how gases released from burning fuel in a rocket produce thrust?

58. For work to be done on an object, the object must move some ___ as a result of the force.

59. In order to do work on an object, the force you exert must be in the same ___ as the object�s motion.

60. Work equals force ___ distance.

61. If you exert a force of 50 newtons to push a desk 5 meters, how much work do you do on the desk?

62. Work is measured in the units of ___.

63. Machines change the amount of ___ you exert or the distance over which you exert the force.

64. A term that means the same thing as output force is ___ force.

65. The mechanical advantage of a machine that changes only the direction of force is ___.

66. Without ___ there would be equal work input and work output.

67. An ideal machine would have an efficiency of ___.

68. The ___ of a machine compares output work to input work.

69. A ramp is an example of a simple machine called a(n) ___.

70. The ideal mechanical advantage for an inclined plane is equal to the length of the incline divided by the ___ of the incline.

71. A wedge is a simple machine that might be thought of as a(n) ___ that moves.

72. A screw would be considered an inclined plane wrapped around a ___.

73. The fulcrum is the fixed point that a ___ pivots around.

74. A baseball bat is an example of a ___-class lever?

75. A bicycle is one example of a ___ machine.

76. Incisors are body parts that are shaped like ___.

77. A newton-meter is a measure of work also known as the ___.

78. The force applied to a machine is called the ___force.

79. A simple machine makes work easier by multiplying force or ___, or by changing direction.

80. The ___ mechanical advantage of a machine cannot be predicted in advance because it depends on the efficiency of the machine.

81. The ideal mechanical advantage would equal the actual mechanical advantage if there were no losses due to ___.

82. The efficiency of an actual machine is always less than ___%.

83. A jar lid is an example of a simple machine called a(n) ___.

84. A screwdriver is a simple machine called a(n) ___.

85. A ramp in a parking garage is an example of a simple machine called a(n) ___.

86. You can increase the ideal mechanical advantage of a first-class lever by moving the fulcrum closer to the ___ force.

87. Raising one end of a ramp will ___ its ideal mechanical advantage.

88. The set of gears on a bicycle wheel is classified as a(n) ___machine.

89. A chef sometimes holds the tip of a knife stationary when chopping food. Held this way, the knife is a compound machine made up of a wedge and a ___.

90. The ability to do work is called ___.

91. Joules are units used to measure ___ .

92. Kinetic energy is energy associated with ___.

93. If the velocity of an object increases, its kinetic energy will ___.

94. Gravitational potential energy is energy that depends on height and ___.

95. Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the core of an ___.

96. Visible light is an example of ___ energy.

97. Moving water can be used to produce electricity because most forms of energy can be ___ into other forms.

98. When natural gas is used to heat water ___ energy is being converted into thermal energy?

99. When you rub your hands together on a cold day, you use friction to convert mechanical energy into ___ energy.

100. The scientist who suggested that energy can be created under certain conditions was ___.

101. The type of energy stored by fossil fuels such as coal is ___ potential energy.

102. Power is the rate at which ___ is done.

103. A device that is ___ as powerful as another can do the same amount of work in 1/4 the time.

104. ___ equals work divided by time.

105. Power is measured in units called ___.

106. Work is the transfer of ___ from one object to another.

107. A force pushes an object over a distance of 4 m. If 24 J of energy is transferred to the object, the size of the force is ___ N.

108. A real truck and a toy truck are moving at the same speed. The real truck has greater kinetic energy because its ___ is greater.

109. The energy in the fuel of a rocket engine is ___ energy.

110. A baseball flying through the air has ___ energy because of its motion.

111. Electromagnetic energy, such as ultraviolet radiation, travels in the form of ___.

112. To maintain your body temperature, your body converts chemical potential energy into ___ energy.

113. An electric motor converts electrical energy to ___ energy.

114. In power plants, generators convert ___ energy into electrical energy.

115. Power is equal to ___ divided by time.

116. Power is the rate at which ___ is transferred from one object to another or converted from one form to another.

117. Temperature is a measure of the average ___ energy of the individual particles in an object.

118. Water boils at ___ degrees on the Celsius scale of temperature.

119. 0 degrees is the freezing point of water ___ scale.

120. No more ___ can be removed from matter at absolute zero.

121. Any temperature on the Celsius scale can be changed to Kelvin degrees by ___ it.

122. The total energy of all the particles in a substance is called ___.

123. Heat can be transferred in solids, liquids, and gases by ___.

124. Heat, like work, is an energy transfer measured in ___.

125. Fiberglass is a common ___ which is a material that reduces the transfer of heat.

126. Heat is transferred by the bulk movement of fluids (i.e., in currents) in the process of ___.

127. The transfer of energy by ___ is called radiation.

128. ___ transfer occurs only from warm objects to colder ones.

129. A material that does NOT conduct heat well is called a(n) ___.

130. Wood is a ___ conductor.

131. The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a substance by 1 kelvin is called its ___.

132. Matter exists in three different forms, or ___ on Earth.

133. ___ expand to fill all the space available.

134. The ___ point is the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.

135. Vaporization that takes place only at the surface of a liquid , usually below the boiling point, is called ___.

136. The process in which matter expands when it is ___ is known as thermal expansion (LOOK FOR CLUES).

137. A thermometer is a common application of thermal ___.

138. The conversion of thermal energy into ___ requires a heat engine.

139. If two glasses of water are at the same ___, the average kinetic energy of the particles of water in each glass is the same.

140. A thermometer uses the fact that liquids, such as alcohol and mercury, ___ when heated.

141. If thermal energy is transferred from object A to object B, the temperature of object A ___.

142. The handle of a spoon in a bowl of soup becomes warm because of heat transfer through the process of ___.

143. Stars transfer thermal energy by the process of ___.

144. Iron has a higher specific heat than silver. If 1 kg of iron and 1 kg of silver absorb equal amounts of heat, the temperature of the ___ will increase by a greater amount.

145. The most disorganized state of matter is the ___ state.

146. The bimetallic strip in a thermostat bends as it is heated because the two metals in the strip ___ at different rates.

147. ___ is vaporization that takes place at or below the surface of a liquid.

148. As a substance changes ___, there is no change in the temperature of the substance.

149. The material through which a wave travels is called a(n) ___.

150. A mechanical wave is created when a medium ___, or moves back and forth or up and down.

151. In a longitudinal wave moving along a spring, areas where the coils are farthest apart are called ___.

152. The ___ of a mechanical wave is a direct measure of its energy.

153. If a longitudinal wave has very crowded compressions and very uncrowded rarefactions, it has a large ___.

154. You hear thunder several seconds after you see lightning because light travels at a ___ speed than sound.

155. As the frequency of a wave traveling at constant speed increases, its ___ decreases.

156. The law of reflection states that the angle of ___ equals the angle of reflection.

157. In ___ interference, the energy of the combined wave is greater than the energy of the original waves.

158. When the crests of one wave align with the ___ of an identical wave, the amplitude of the resulting wave is zero.

159. The ___ of a sound wave is the distance between a compression or rarefaction and the next compression or rarefaction.

160. Because of ___, sound waves entering through a doorway spread to all parts of a room.

161. The ___ of a medium is the amount of mass there is in a given amount of space, or volume.

162. The state of matter that is generally the poorest transmitter of sound is the ___ state.

163. Sound waves with frequencies ___ than the normal human range of hearing are called infrasound.

164. A short string under a certain tension generally produces a sound with a higher ___ than a long string under the same tension.

165. The use of sound waves by some bats to navigate and find food is called ___.

166. A ___ is a disturbance that transfers energy from place to place.

167. Waves are created when a source of energy causes a ___ to vibrate.

168. Waves are classified according to how they ___.

169. Crests are the highest parts of a(n) ___ wave.

170. The maximum distance that the particles of a medium move from the rest position is the ___ of the wave.

171. ___ is measured in units called hertz.

172. When a wave hits a surface through which it CANNOT pass and bounces back, it undergoes ___.

173. Refraction is the bending of waves due to a change in ___.

174. The interaction between two waves that meet is ___.

175. Sound is a disturbance that travels through a medium as a ___ wave.

176. The speed of sound depends on the properties of the ___ it travels through.

177. ___ is the ability of a material to bounce back after being disturbed.

178. Sound travels ___ in dense materials.

179. Loudness, or sound level, is measured in units called ___.

180. The changing pitch of a police car�s siren as it moves by you is an example of the ___.

181. ___ is a set of tones combined in a way that is pleasing to the ear.

182. A system of detecting reflected sound waves is ___.

183. Sound waves travel at different speeds in different ___.

184. Electromagnetic waves have some electrical properties and some ___ properties.

185. Electromagnetic waves can transfer ___ without a medium.

186. Light that has passed through a polarizing filter is called ___.

187. In 1905, ___ suggested that light energy travels in tiny packets or particles called photons.

188. All electromagnetic waves have the same ___.

189. ___ light has a higher frequency than infrared rays but lower than ultraviolet rays.

190. ___ rays are the electro-magnetic waves with the highest frequencies.

191. In addition to heating food microwaves can be used for ___.

192. A(n) ___ light bulb glows when a filament inside it gets hot.

193. Ultraviolet rays help your body produce ___.

194. A material that reflects or ___ any light that strikes it is opaque.

195. ___ reflection occurs when parallel rays of light hit a smooth surface and remain parallel.

196. A ___ mirror is one in which its surface curves outward, like the back side of a spoon.

197. A ___ mirror is one in which its surface curves inward, like the inside of a bowl.

198. The bending of light rays as they enter a new ___ is called refraction.

199. What happens when light passes from water into air it ___.

200. A lens is a curved piece of glass or other transparent material that is used to ___ light.

201. No light is reflected when white light strikes a ___ object.

202. A photographic slide is an example of a color ___.

203. The primary colors of ___ are red, green, and blue.

204. In electromagnetic waves, the magnetic fields are perpendicular to the ___ fields.

205. In the phenomenon known as the ___ effect, electric current will flow when light shines on certain substances.

206. Most of the energy of a(n) ___ bulb is given off as infrared rays.

207. Electromagnetic waves are classified as ___ waves.

208. A ___ material is one that allows light to pass through it, but not very well.

209. Glare from a glass windowpane is an example of light that has been ___ from a transparent material.

210. A material�s index of ___ is a measure of how much a ray of light bends when it enters that material.

211. An opaque object has a particular color because it reflects some ___ of light and absorbs the rest.

212. When the three primary colors of ___ are mixed, the resulting color is white.

213. The ___ is the colored part of the eye.

214. The vision of a ___ person can be improved if the person wears concave lenses.

215. Under violet light a tomato would appear to be ___.

216. Every magnet, regardless of its shape, has two magnetic ___.

217. If you break a magnet in half each half will be a new ___, with both a north and a south pole.

218. Magnetic poles that are alike ___ each other.

219. The region around a magnet where the magnetic force is exerted is known as its magnetic ___.

220. Earth�s magnetic field can make a magnet out of an iron bar by causing the magnetic ___ to line up in the same direction.

221. The ampere is a unit of electric ___.

222. A complete path through which electric charges can flow is an electric ___.

223. Materials that allow the charges of an electric current to move freely through them are called ___.

224. A solenoid with a ferromagnetic core is called a(n) ___.

225. You can increase the strength of an electromagnet�s field by using a stronger ferromagnetic material for the ___.

226. When placed near each other, unlike magnetic poles ___ each other.

227. A(n) ___ material, such as iron, shows strong magnetic effects.

228. Protons and electrons have a property called electric ___.

229. A(n) ___ is a material in which charges are not able to move freely.

230. The flow of charge through a material is called electric ___.

231. A switch can be used to open and close an electric ___.

232. Copper is a good ___ of electric current.

233. The charge on a proton is, ___ and the charge on an electron is negative.

234. As in the case of like magnetic poles, like ___ charges repel each other.

235. The buildup of charges on an object is called ___ electricity

236. The loss of static electricity as electric charges move off an object is called static ___.

237. Suppose you acquire a positive charge from walking across a carpet. You then touch a doorknob and receive a shock. This leaves you electrically ___.

238. The type of energy that depends on position is called ___ energy.

239. What causes current to flow?

240. How many terminals does a voltage source have?

241. A battery is an example of a ___ source.

242. An electric current will always follow the path of least ___.

243. According to Ohm�s law, resistance is equal to voltage divided by ___.

244. In a series circuit with three bulbs, all of the bulbs become ___ as more bulbs are added.

245. A connection that allows current to take an unintended path is called a(n) ___ circuit.

246. When charges are able to flow directly from the circuit into the ground connection, the circuit is electrically___.

247. In a ___ circuit with three bulbs, current from each bulb has its own path through the circuit.

248. Like electric charges ___ each other.

249. The strength of the electric field of a charged particle becomes greater as the distance from the particle ___.

250. If two wires of the same material have the same thickness but different lengths, the ___ wire will have a greater resistance.

251. To measure the current through a device in an electric circuit, a(n) ___ should be connected in series with the device.

252. Adding bulbs to a ___ circuit causes all of the bulbs to shine less brightly.

253. In a ___ circuit, different parts of the circuit are on separate branches.

254. A ___ is a safety device that uses an electromagnet to shut off a circuit when the current becomes too great.

255. Benjamin Franklin invented the ___, which carries charge through a wire to Earth during a storm.

256. ___ energy is associated with electric currents.

257. In a motor, the direction of current is reversed by a(n) ___.

258. ___ current reverses direction repeatedly.

259. The type of current produced by a battery is ___ current.

260. An electric generator is the opposite of an electric ___.

261. ___ energy turns the huge turbines in electricity-generating plants.

262. The rate at which energy is converted from one form to another is known as ___.

263. A device that increases or decreases voltage is called a(n) ___.

264. ___ are the parts of a cell that are used to connect an electrochemical cell to a circuit.

265. The ___ rating of an electrical device is a measure of the rate at which the device uses or produces electrical energy.

266. The kilowatt-hour is a unit of electrical ___.

267. A step-up transformer is a device that increases ___.

268. A ___ transformer is used to change the voltage of electricity in transmission lines before it enters houses in a neighborhood.

269. An electrolyte is a substance that ___ electric current.