Intelligent systems

1. Intelligent systems Lection 7 Frames, selection of knowledge representation, its combinations

2. Frames Author of idea – Marvin Minsky. He invited frames for representation of scene in technical vision from different points of view. Frames are a variant of nets that are one of the most popular ways of representing non-procedural knowledge in an expert system. In a frame, all the information relevant to a particular concept is stored in a single complex entity, called a frame. Superficially, frames look pretty much like record data structures. However frames, at the very least, support inheritance. They are often used to capture knowledge about typical objects or events, such as a typical bird, or a typical restaurant meal.

3. Example of frame “elephant” A particular frame (such as Elephant) has a number of attributes or slots such as colour and size where these slots may be filled with particular values, such as grey. We have used a ``*'' to indicate those attributes that are only true of a typical member of the class, and not necessarily every member. Most frame systems will let you distinguish between typical attribute values and definite values that must be true. Mammal subclass: Animal warm_blooded: yes Elephant subclass: Mammal * colour: grey * size: large Clyde instance: Elephant colour: pink owner: Fred Nellie: instance: Elephant size: small

4. Inheritance is simple where each object/class has a single parent class, and where slots take single values. If slots may take more than one value it is less clear whether to block inheritance when you have more specific information. For example, if you know that a mammal has_part head, and that an elephant has_part trunk you may still want to infer that an elephant has a head. It is therefore useful to label slots according to whether they take single values or multiple values. One final useful feature of frame systems is the ability to attach procedures to slots. So, if we don't know the value of a slot, but know how it could be calculated, we can attach a procedure to be used if needed, to compute the value of that slot. Maybe we have slots representing the length and width of an object and sometimes need to know the object's area - we would write a (simple) procedure to calculate it, and put that in place of the slot's value. Such mechanisms of procedural attachment are useful, but perhaps should not be overused, or else our nice frame system would consist mainly of just lots of procedures, interacting in an unpredictable fashion.

5. Example of frame • Name – Ground area • Number of sides: (4) • Lengths of sides: • Angles: • Area: IF_NEEDED: Calculation of area() • IF_ADDED: Calculation of cost() • Cost:

6. Using of value of slot equal name of any frame we can to create complex nets of frames connected by different relations (links) Solving of task is similar as in semantic networks: 1) with Inheritance and 2) Intersection search Query for search is any frame-goal with any determined slots and any unknown ones. It is needed to find its values. This frame-goal can content slots from different frames of knowledge base. Could say that it is virtual frame. And during searching values of these slots are finding by inheritance, default values, moving between frames on links.

7. Example of net of frames: Name: real estate Tax: needed Parent: Capital Link to other frame Name: Ground area Parent: real estate Number of sides: (4) Lengths of sides: Angles: Area: Cost: Name: building Parent: real estate Type: (fabric, house,…) Area: Number of floors: Name: Dormitory Parent: building Number of floors: 5 Area: 3000 Name: Stadium Parent: Ground area Area: 10000 Similar: Court Link to other frame

8. Examples of frames in ESWin Frame=Goal Parent: How to begin: () Chances: () EndF Frame=You Parent: Employment: (Unemployment; Engineer; Businessman) Old [How are You old ?]: (young; old) EndF Frame=She Parent: Women Old: (young; middle old) EndF Frame=Women Parent: Like flowers: (yes) EndF Frame=Goal Parent: Knowledge representation method: () Tool for Developer: () EndF Frame=Parameters Parent: Area: (Computer Science; Technology; Medicine) Task: (CAD; CAM; Monitoring; Diagnostics) EndF

9. Methods of knowledge representation • All methods of representations are similar • It is relatively easy to transform from one to another (except neural networks) • Part of them is oriented on suitable understanding of human (semantic nets, frames), part of them – on suitable of formalization and programming (different logics). Rules is such popular because ones are suitable for both goals • Logics may be basis for building of more complex methods (many of rule-based or frame-based applied systems and tools was developed on languages of logic programming – Prolog and Lisp)

10. Combinations of knowledge representations • Frames & rules – ESWin, ECLIPS, FLEX, XCON, many of medicine diagnostic expert systems (for example, CENTAUR) • Semantic nets & rules – PROSPECTOR • Rules & neural networks – in Hybrid Intelligent Systems (later)

11. Methods of solving of tasks • Searching in state space • Depth-first search, • breadth-first search, • different heuristics • Logical inference • Resolution, • unification, • forward chaining, • backward chaining • Matching – comparison any pattern with knowledge in knowledge base • Syntactic • Parametrical • Semantic • determined • fuzzy • With using of context

12. Methods of solving of tasks • All methods of solving of tasks may be viewed as searching of relevant knowledge to any pattern (goal, query and so on) • It is explained by it’s genesis from processing of input patterns from sensors in human brain