America’s Second War for Independence?

1. America’s Second War for Independence?

2. Causes • During Jefferson’s second term, renewed fighting between the British and French threatened American commerce through their shipping. • 1806- Napoleon decided to exclude British goods from Europe • Britain decided to retaliate by blockading Napoleon Europe. • Sealed up its ports and prevented ships from entering or leaving. AMERICA HAS TO CHOOSE! • All neutral countries would have to choose whose orders they were to follow. • (1) 1807- Britain seized more than 1,000 American ships and confiscated their cargoes. France seized about 500.

4. Causes • America focused their anger on the British. • (2) British policy of impressment: seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into the navy. • (3) 1807-Chesapeake incident: • The commander of a British warship demanded the right to board and search the U.S. ship Chesapeake for British deserters. • U.S. captain refused and the British opened fire, killing 3 Americans and wounding 18.

5. Response: Embargo Act of 1807 • Jefferson’s Embargo Act of 1807- • Convinced Congress to declare a ban on exporting products to other countries • Believed it would hurt Britain and other European powers to force them to honor American neutrality. • Hurt America more than Britain—lifted the ban in 1809 (except for France and Britain)  Who could this benefit? Who could this hurt?

6. Analyze this cartoon. Whose perspective is this from? Hint: The key to analyzing the cartoon is identifying that one of the words has an important meaning spelled backwards! Also the turtle is enforcing the law. Take note of what the turtle is doing and where the turtle is doing it.

7. Causes • (4) Tecumseh’s Confederacy: • 1809- William Henry Harrison (governor of Indiana Territory) invited Native chiefs to Fort Wayne and persuaded them to sign away three million acres of tribal land to the U.S. government. • Not all chiefs gave in; Shawnee chief Tecumseh believed that the only way for Native Americans to protect their homeland against intruders was to form a confederacy (united NA nation). “THIS GREAT SPIRIT GAVE THIS GREAT LAND TO HIS RED CHILDREN” - Tecumseh

8. Causes • Pressed Harrison to withdraw from native land, Tecumseh began negotiations with the British for assistance. • 1810-1811- Tecumseh traveled to win followers, but many had already accepted payment for land. • (5) 1811-The Battle of Tippecanoe • Shawnee attack Harrison and his troops • Harrison burns the Shawnee capital, Prophetstown, to the ground. (On the Tippecanoe River) • Discovered that the Native American confederacy was using British weapons from British Canada

9. Response: War Hawks • Many Americans believed that frontier warfare with the natives was incited by the British • Believed this was cause enough to declare war on Britain. • This resulted in the surfacing of a small, yet persuasive, political faction known as the War Hawks, • Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun • The War Hawks demanded war with Britain. • Motto: “On to Canada!”

10. The “Second War for Independence” • As a result, many Americans called the War of 1812, the “second war for independence.” John Clopton of Virginia wrote: "The outrages in impressing American seamen exceed all manner of description. Indeed, the whole system of aggression now is such that the real question between Great Britain and the United States has ceased to be a question merely relating to certain rights of commerce ... it is now clearly, positively, and directly a question of independence, that is to say, whether the United States are really and independent nation."

11. WAR?

12. DAY 2- The War Itself

13. Jefferson, Farewell!Enter: James Madison • 1808- Jefferson did not want to run for a 3rdterm. QUALIFICATIONS: • ANOTHER Virginian and Republican • Madison was Jefferson’s Secretary of State • Madison was an author of 30 of the 81 the Federalist Papers (including No. 10 and No. 51) • Considered the most important contributor to the Constitution  Shortest President!

14. Declaration of War • Madison believes Britain is trying to strangle American trade and cripple the American economy • 1812- Madison decides to GO TO WAR! • Congress approves the war declaration • Vote was split along regional lines…what does this show?

15. Key Battles IT’S ON! • Perry defeated the British on Lake Erie • This gave the U.S. control of Lake Erie • Tecumseh is killed at the Battle of Thames • Native Confederacy falls apart • Britain blockades the Eastern Seaboard • This prevented shipping from leaving, and made the war more unpopular in the Northeast

16. The roof, the roof, the roof is on FIRE… • In August 1814, British Forces sailed into Chesapeake Bay and capture Washington D.C. • The British burn the White House and the Capitol • Madison and Congress barely escape

17. Battle of New Orleans • General Andrew Jackson gathers troops to protect New Orleans  WHY WAS NEW ORLEANS SO IMPORTANT? • Underdogs: • America- 5,400 scared men waiting behind hay bales • Britain- 8,000 redcoats—armed and dangerous • Hundreds of British die, only a few Americans lose their lives.

18. Battle of New Orleans • SURPRISE! • British and American diplomats had already signed a peace agreement, but news had not reached Jackson in time. • Made Andrew Jackson a national hero and household name.

19. Treaty of Ghent • Treaty was negotiated in Europe and was signed on Dec. 24, 1814 ending the war of 1812 • When approved by their respective governments all hostilities would end and: “all territory, places and possessions whatsoever, taken by either party from the other during the war” would be restored as they were before the war.

20. Finally, Peace. • In short, no one won a thing. Impressment, a major cause of the war, was not even mentioned. • The British finally accepted the United States as a legitimate national entity; • The United States, in turn, gave up its designs on British territory in Canada. • The war had been a stalemate whose resolution let each side get on with the business of trade and expansion. In the end, they simply agreed to call the whole thing off.

21. Significant Effects of the War of 1812 1. Growth of American nationalism • We were able to hold our own against the British • Established the U.S. on the world stage • Star-Spangled Banner 2. Strengthening of isolationism. 3. Increase in westward migration. 4. Creates a hero in Andrew Jackson and the Western Frontiersmen 5. Encouragement of American Industry. 6. Disappearance of the Federalist Party.

22. War of 1812 and Nationalism