French Canadian Nationalists

1. What do you see?When do you think this picture is?How does the picture relate to power relations?

3. French Canadian Nationalists • Time: 1871-1918 • Relationship: French rebelled against the British (English Canadians) tried to get more provincial autonomy. • Results: • Louis Riel hanged – fought for metis( French / native group) autonomy • Boer War 1899-1901: send Canadian soldiers English Canada ( imperialist ) – yes . French nationalist – no • War Measures Act: great federal government power • Conscription Riot 1918: French nationalist fought being forced to serve. • French Canadians failed in getting more provincial autonomy.

5. War Measures Act • The War Measures Act was passed unopposed in 1914. This allowed the federal government to suspend civil liberties and by-pass parliament to do things through order-in-council that it felt were necessary for the war. For instance, factories could be told to stop producing farm implements and start manufacturing arms and ammunition instead. Immigrants who had come from what were now enemy countries, like Germany, had their movements controlled and anyone thought to be an enemy sympathizer could be arrested and kept in internment camps without trial. • One of those arrested in Halifax was Leon Trotsky, an unknown Russian who was about to go down in history as one of the fathers of the Russian Revolution of 1917. After his month in Nova Scotia, he returned to join with Lenin and lead the Communist overthrow of the old Russian regime. • The War Measures Act was used again during World War II. The only time it was enacted during peacetime was October 1970 when Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau used it to make searches and arrests during the FLQ crisis. The FLQ (Front de libération du Québec) was an extremist group of French separatists who were involved in kidnappings and a murder. Under the War Measures Act, many people were arrested and held without charges on suspicion of sympathizing with the terrorists.

6. Battle of batoche : government forces vs metis

8. Aboriginal People and the State • Time: 1850-1920 • Relationship: Unproductive, the official power does not listen to the demands of the aboriginal peoples (access to CPR, land out west, power on reserves) • Results: placed on reserves, conflict (Northwest Rebellion 1885), Canada tried to assimilate Aboriginals in to white culture through the creation of residential schools.

10. Phossy jaw

13. Industrialists and Unions • Time: 1879-1930 • Relationship: Unions want better wages and working conditions, fought against the industrialists and the government. • Results: granted set working hours; but not all employers implemented the new rights. Government intervened and helped all workers.

15. Women were minors under the law • No right to property • No right to their children • No divorce ( even in the case of abuse)

16. Women and the State • Time: 1907-1940 • Relationship: Not good, because women were fighting for the right to vote • Results: officially allowed to vote in federal elections in 1918; in provincial elections in Québec in 1940.

18. Duplessis Government • Time: 1936-1939, 1944-1959 • Relationship: duplessis government had a nationalist point of view and was traditionalist. Influenced by the Catholic Church. Used the police to support big business. Opposed by unions and intellectuals • Results: education and health care not as advanced as rest of Canada. Unions led futile strikes.

21. Women and the State • Time: 1964-Present • Relationship: Feminist groups had a strong relationship with the government and worked to have changes for women, allied with unions to empower women • Results: women could make decisions without husbands approval, • abortion rights, • maternity leave, • daycare, birth control pills, • laws against violence against women • Change or Continuity: Change – stronger connection to the government

23. Nationalists and the State • Time: 1960-present • Relationship: nationalists now looking to separate from Canada. Parti Quebecois (PQ) is formed. FLQ – terrorists that bomb and kidnapped 2 people (killed one) • Results: 2 Referendums (votes) on separation 1980 and 1995 both vote NO • Change or Continuity: change because now nationalism is associated with separation

24. Linguistic Groups and the State • Time: 1960s-1970s • Relationship: French angry at Federal government because government did not speak french, English adapted to French society in quebec, but angry over French language laws in Quebec (Bill 101) • Results: Made federal government bilingual, French official language in Quebec, many Anglophones left Quebec. • Change or Continuity: change

26. Aboriginals and the State • Time: 1960-present • Relationship: felt that the government was trying to assimilate them, trying to keep their culture. Constant conflict, but began to improve and worked with government to gain financial compensation for natural resources • Results: James Bay Project, Oka Crisis, treaty rights in constitution • Change or Continuity: Change – gain rights, continuity – tension with the government

27. Unions and the State • Time: 1960-1970s • Relationship: up and down – unions granted rights in the early 1960s but the state wanted to roll back the rights in the 1970s. • Result: better wages, maternity leave, job security, strikes in the 1970s, governments took away the right to strike for some unions. • Continuity or change: both – government willing to give some rights, but then took them away.

28. Create 5 questions with answers • Look through each slide and create a question related to change or continuity. • In the 1960 what changes did women fight for and successfully achieve from the state?

29. The Quiet Revolution 1960-1966

30. What change has occurred in this concept of school.

31. After the Quiet Revolution what did Quebec want to protect? Linguistic Groups and the state English, French, Allophones. French people have lower income in the 1960s. Official Language Act (Bill 22). Charter of the French Language (Bill 101). Immigrants go to French School. Anglophones may go to English school. French Sign law.

32. After the Quiet Revolution what did Quebec want to protect? Nationalist Movements and the State Want Quebec to be independent – can solve French problems better than in an English Canada RIN (first separatist party) FLQ Parti Quebecois (PQ) becomes government in Quebec in 1976 (Lévesque) 2 referendums on separation 1980: 60% no 1995: 50.6% no

33. What power did unions gain / lose after the quiet revolution ?

34. Official Power: Contemporary Period • From Union nationale to Liberal to Union nationale. • Duplessis: French-Canadian nationalism, focused on Catholicism, agriculture, and provincial autonomy. • Encouraged private investment (USA) and one economic sector: agriculture. Duplessis (1936-1939, 1944-1959)

35. Official Power: Contemporary Period • Reciprocal favours: • In return for support the government made room for the Church. Though he asserted state over church. Church had influence over health, education and charities. • Union nationale voted against a more centralized power in Ottawa and created the nationalistic fleur-de-lis flag (1948).

36. Official Power: Contemporary Period • Duplessis Successes: • Assert the authority of the Québec state over that of the Church; wrestle taxes back from the federal government after WWII; introduced Canada's most generous minimum wage and home ownership assistance Acts; produced enormous public works, highway, hospital, school and university construction projects and ambitious hydroelectric power schemes, extending electrification throughout rural Québec. • Duplessis Defeats: • Dealt harshly with striking unions (Asbestos strike); disdain for civil liberties, particularly in litigation (padlock act). • Election rigging, ‘electrical’ bribing, forcing babies (Robitaille).

37. Official Power: Contemporary Period • Opposing Duplessis: • Despites success, he had many critics. • Thought Quebec was backward compared to rest of Canada. • Called for more state social intervention, respect of individual freedoms. • Unions also argued for more influence – despite government restrictions, and sometimes turned radical – Asbestos Strike 1949. • Few gains were made by anti-establishment groups. • Even some church authorities began questioning Duplessis’ government. Frank Scott: intellectual who strongly opposed Duplessis. Overturned Padlock Law.

38. Official Power: Contemporary Period • Classwork: • The Great Depression T-Chart. • Page 154, questions 1-5.

39. Official Power: Contemporary Period • From Duplessis and beyond: • The 60’s brought about many changes in Quebec society, the role of the state changed, interest groups demanded more rights and greater sense of nationalism prevailed. Bringing about the Quiet Revolution in Quebec.

40. Official Power: Contemporary Period • The Quiet Revolution: • The Period between 1960 and 1966 marked by reforms that modernized the Quebec State and society. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PihGpM9-yi4&feature=relmfu

41. Official Power: Contemporary Period • The Quiet Revolution : • Rapid secularization of society, the creation of a welfare state and a re-alignment of politics into federalist and separatist factions. • The provincial takes over health care and education, which had been in the hands of the Roman Catholic Church. Expanded the public service, and made massive investments provincial infrastructure. The government allowed unionization of the civil service.

42. Official Power: Contemporary Period • Role of Government – more interventionist regardless of party: • Education: compulsory, free, government controlled. • Economy: subsidies, regulated. • Socially: government controlled, free, health insurance, other programs such as social assistance, car insurance. • Culture: promote and protect French culture. • Foreign Affairs: asserts its ability to deal with foreign affairs at a provincial level – promotion of French interests and culture - http://www.mri.gouv.qc.ca/en/ministere/mission/index.asp.

43. Quiet revolution

44. Official Power: Contemporary Period

45. Official Power: Contemporary Period • The FLQ (Front de Liberation du Quebec): • Who: An organization promoting an independent and socialist Quebec. • Bombings in the 60’s – some FLQ members jailed. • October Crisis: October 5th, 1970. British Trade Commissioner James Cross kidnapped. • Demands: $500,000 in gold, broadcast and publication of FLQ manifesto, release of “political prisoners”, plane to transport FLQ members to Cuba/Algeria.

46. Official Power: Contemporary Period • The Front de liberation du Québec wants the total independence of all Québécois, united in a free society, purged forever of the clique of voracious sharks, the patronizing "big bosses" and their henchmen who have made Québec their hunting preserve for "cheap labour" and unscrupulous exploitation… • We are the workers of Québec and we will continue to the bitter end. We want to replace the slave society with a free society, functioning by itself and for itself; a society open to the world. • Our struggle can only lead to victory. You cannot hold an awakening people in misery and contempt indefinitely. Long live Free Québec! • Long live our imprisoned political comrades. Long live the Québec revolution! • Long live the Front de liberation du Québec. http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/docs/october/manifest.htm

47. Official Power: Contemporary Period • October Crisis: • October 5, 1970: British Trade Commissioner James Cross was kidnapped in Montreal, October 6, 1970: Trudeau and Bourassa agree to work together. The FLQ Manifesto, or excerpts of it, was published by several newspapers. • October 7, 1970: The FLQ Manifesto was read on CKAC radio. • October 8, 1970: The FLQ Manifesto was read on the CBC French network Radio-Canada. • October 10, 1970: The Chenier cell of the FLQ kidnapped Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte. • October 11, 1970: Premier Bourassa received a letter from Pierre Laporte pleading for his life. • October 12, 1970: The Army was sent in to guard Ottawa. • October 15, 1970: The Quebec government invited the Army into Quebec to help local police. • October 16, 1970: Prime Minister Trudeau announced the proclamation of the War Measures Act, emergency legislation dating from World War I. • October 17, 1970: The body of Pierre Laporte was found in the trunk of a car at the airport in St.-Hubert, Quebec. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfUq9b1XTa0&feature=related