Grade 11 Objective 3

1. Grade 11 Objective 3

2. 1 Viruses can only replicate — A Inside a host cell B Along a cellular membrane C Outside a nucleus D Between host cells

3. 2 Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell. Which of the following are infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? F Helper T cells G Liver cells H GABA-receptor cells J Red blood cells

4. 3 Viruses differ from bacteria in that all viruses — F cause insect-borne diseases G can be destroyed by antibiotics H have rigid cell walls J must be reproduced in living cells

5. 4 One characteristic shared by a virus and a living cell is that both — F store genetic information in nucleic acids G have a crystalline structure H gain energy directly from the sun J use glucose for respiration

6. 5 Which of the following cannot metabolize nutrients?F H G J

7. 6 Which of these does a virus need in order to multiply?A Chloroplasts from a host cellB A host cell to provide oxygen for the virusC New ADP from a host cellD A host cell to replicate the virus’s DNA

8. 7 Which of the following explains why antibiotics can treat flu-like symptoms caused by bacteria but are ineffective against flu? A Flu is a response to an antigen. B Antibiotics require time to work. C Antibiotics strengthen antibodies. D Flu is caused by a virus.

9. 8 Which of these events is most likely to cause a widespread influenza outbreak? F People in northern regions are affected by weather patterns. G The influenza virus is recognized by host immune systems. H Global warming causes increased winter precipitation. J People lack immunity to a new strain of flu virus.

10. Information About Sendai Virus 9 Why is Sendai virus used as a vaccine against HPIV-1? A It alters the protein coat of HPIV-1. B It makes cells chemically unrecognizable to HPIV-1. C It forms a protective barrier against HPIV-1. D It triggers the production of antibodies that fight HPIV-1. • Some infants and children are infected with human parainfluenza virus type 1, also known as HPIV-1. • A vaccine against HPIV-1 is made of a low dose of Sendai virus. • Sendai virus has a similar structure to HPIV-1. • Sendai virus makes mice sick but does not make humans sick.

11. 10 Enzymes allow viruses to insert their genetic material into the host cell’s DNA. The virus benefits from this action by — A acquiring the traits of the host cell B causing the host cell to produce viruses C introducing random deadly mutations into the host cell D turning the host cell into a virus

12. 11 Bacteria are the only organisms that can — A obtain energy by decomposing carbohydrates B transform atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia C produce glucose from dissolved carbon dioxide D synthesize proteins from amino acid molecules

13. 12 Some bacteria benefit mammals by helping with — F growth G defense H digestion J respiration

14. 13 Which of the following factors helps spread disease-causing bacteria? F Low temperatures G Access to new hosts H Mutation by heat energy J Availability of light

15. 14 Lactose is a naturally occurring sugar found in milk. Some dairy products, such as yogurt, may contain live bacteria. These products are useful to people who lack the ability to digest lactose. What does this information demonstrate? A Bacteria raise the acidity of processed foods. B Some bacteria interfere with digestion. C Bacteria can prevent insulin production. D Some bacteria are beneficial to human health.

16. 15 Cows and other ruminants are herbivorous animals. Their diet includes cellulose, which must be fermented before it can be digested. Which of these aid in the fermentation of cellulose in a cow’s digestive system? F Bacteria G Fungi H Algae J Viruses

17. 16 A study shows that 40% to 100% of raw poultry is contaminated by disease-causing bacteria. Which of the following activities provides people the best protection from these bacteria? F Rinsing dishes thoroughly G Eating a balanced diet daily H Visiting a doctor regularly J Cooking foods properly

18. 17 Streptococcus infection in a person’s throat can cause pain and fever. Streptococcus can be controlled by antibiotics. Streptococcus is a — F virus G bacterium H protozoan J fungus

19. 18 Which of these conditions is caused by bacteria? F AIDS G Seasonal allergies H Dental cavities J Colds

20. 19 According to this phylogenetic tree, which organism is most closely related to R? A Q B S C T D U

21. 20 The table shows a comparison of some amino acids found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the table that are most closely related are — A Q and T B R and S C Q and R D Q and S

22. 21 The table shows an amino acid comparison of cytochrome c, a protein involved in cellular respiration in aerobic organisms. The two organisms in the table that are least genetically related are the — A silkworm moth and the fruit fly B silkworm moth and the screwworm fly C fruit fly and the screwworm fly D fruit fly and the hornworm moth

23. Evolution of the Modern Horse 22 The diagram illustrates how some characteristics of the horse have changed over time. Along with the difference in size, what is another anatomical difference between the modern horse and its ancestors? F The structure of the tooth has been adapted for eating meat. G The size of the molars has decreased. H The length of the forefoot has decreased. J The number of toes has decreased.

24. 23 Which statement is best supported by the information above? F Barnacles develop within the whale uterus. G Whales descended from ancestors with hair. H Fluid inside the uterus is colder than seawater. J Adult whales will possess more hair in the future • A gray whale develops in its mother’s uterus for about a year. • The whale calf has hair on its face when it is born. • As the calf grows, the hair is lost, and barnacles attach themselves to its skin.

25. 24 Birds and reptiles are similar in that they are vertebrates and lay eggs. They differ in that reptiles have teeth and birds have beaks. Some birds do possess teeth. However, these teeth are present only in the embryonic stage. Which conclusion is best supported by the presence of teeth in bird embryos? A Birds and reptiles share a common ancestor. B Modern reptiles are the ancestors of modern birds. C Birds and reptiles eat similar types of food. D Ancestors of reptiles had beaks similar to those of birds.

26. 25 Which conclusion is best supported by the information in the diagram? F Volcanic eruptions were common in the area. G The area was once a marine environment. H Organisms in the area reproduced frequently. J Consumers once outnumbered producers in the area.

27. 26 According to these anatomical structures, which two animals are probably most closely related? A Ape and bat B Bat and bird C Bird and cat D Cat and wolf

28. 27 Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at — F competing with birds G making its own food H hiding from predators J running very rapidly

29. Body Length of Mosquitoes in a Specific Area 28 Which of these conclusions can be made based on the graphs shown above? A Larger mosquitoes have migrated into the area. B Smaller mosquitoes are being eaten by larger mosquitoes. C A mosquito length of 2 cm has become a disadvantage in this environment. D Mosquitoes with a body length of 3 cm have the longest life span.

30. 29 Some bacteria thrive in hostile environments, such as salt flats, boiling-hot springs, and carbonate-rock interiors, primarily because of bacteria’s — F biochemical diversity G small sizes H round shapes J methods of movement

31. 30 Which of the following explains this phenomenon?F CompetitionG ExtinctionH PredationJ Speciation

32. 31 The myxoma virus was used to control an overpopulation of European rabbits in Australia. When first introduced in the mid- 1900s, the virus greatly reduced the European rabbit population. Today the virus is not an effective control of the European rabbit population. Fewer European rabbits are affected by the virus today because they have —F learned to avoid the virusG moved away from infected areasH undergone a change in dietJ developed resistance to the virus

33. 32 Which of the following best explains how the milkweed bug’s coloration helps it avoid being eaten by birds? F Birds become confused by the bug’s coloration, so the bug has time to escape. G Birds associate the bug’s coloration with its bad taste and avoid eating it. H Birds are unable to locate the bug’s head, so the bug can escape. J Birds cannot locate the bug because it appears to be part of the plant. • Milkweed plants have green leaves. • Milkweed plants produce a milky sap containing compounds that taste bad to some animals. • The milkweed bug is bright orange and red and feeds on the milkweed plant. • The compounds in the milkweed sap accumulate in the milkweed bug but do not harm it.

34. 33 The model shows a demonstration a student prepared using black and white marbles to show how populations of organisms can change. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated by this demonstration? F Evolution of a predatory species G Genetic drift accompanying natural selection H Environmentally induced genetic mutations J Immunity from virulent microorganisms

35. Characteristics of Some Lizards 34 Which of the following is best supported by the information shown above? F These lizards evolved in arid habitats. G Modern lizards drink more water than their ancestors did. H These lizards cool themselves by evaporation. J Modern lizards excrete more water than their ancestors did. • Live mainly in hot, dry climates • Release very little water • Excrete waste in the form of solid uric acid, which contains very little water

36. 35 Two competing species can thrive in the same community if they have — F the same habitat G different niches H similar diets J different life spans

37. Grouping of Selected Species from a Single Phylum 36 The diagram shows relationships of selected species over time. According to this information, which of these species is expected to have the greatest phenotypic difference from the ancestral species? F Species Q G Species R H Species T J Species U

38. 37 The marine ecosystem represented above is able to thrive with a small autotroph biomass because — A autotrophs reproduce rapidly B first-order consumers are small C second-order consumers are rare D third-order consumers eat very little

39. 38 Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by — F sunlight G photosynthesis H oxygen J carbon dioxide

40. 39 In this food web, the bacteria probably function as — A producers B herbivores C decomposers D carnivores

41. 40 A food pyramid represents the relative amount of energy in trophic levels. Which of the following correctly shows a food pyramid? F H G J

42. 41 The diagram shows several phases of the nitrogen cycle. Which of the following describes the most likely effect of removing some plants from the area by using chemical herbicides? A The rate of erosion of rocks on the ground would be slowed.B The flow of necessary nutrients would be disrupted.C The ability of plants to complete photosynthesis would be increased.D The infiltration of water into the ground would be halted.

43. 42 About 10% of the energy at one trophic level is passed to the next level. What usually happens to the energy that is not passed to the next trophic level or used to carry out life processes?A It is given off as heat.B It is stored as vitamins.C It is used in reproduction.D It is used in protein synthesis.

44. 43 The diagram represents different levels of a marine food pyramid. Between which two levels is the greatest amount of energy transferred? A R and Q B S and R C T and S D U and T

45. 44 Which diagram best shows how the amount of stored energy changes going up a food chain? A C B D

46. 45 The diagram above is intended to show relationships in an ecosystem. What do the arrows represent? F The direction of population migration G Differences in dietary habits H Progressively smaller organisms J The direction of energy flow

47. 46 Which of these best represents a mutualistic relationship? A Bull snake/mouse B White-tailed deer/grass C Hummingbird/blossom D Spadefoot toad/cricket

48. 47 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection from predators by sheltering themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can potentially scare off predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an example of — A neutralism B mutualism C parasitism D commensalism

49. 48 Which situation best represents a mutualistic relationship? A A tapeworm absorbing nutrients from the intestine of a dog B An orchid being pollinated by a nectar-collecting wasp C A human losing blood to a feeding mosquito D An armadillo rooting in the soil at the base of an oak tree

50. 49 Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana) are leafless plants that lack chlorophyll. Beechdrops get their nourishment from the roots of beech trees, which reduces the amount of nutrients available to the trees themselves. This interaction is best described as — A predatory B parasitic C commensalistic D mutualistic