La ricca struttura dello spettro in energia della radiazione cosmica intorno a 10 20 eV

1. 16 Novembre 2015 La ricca struttura dello spettro in energia della radiazione cosmica intorno a 1020 eV Antonio Codino Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università degli Studi di Perugia e INFN. Roma, lunedì, 16 novembre 2015, ore 14:00.

2. Le caratteristiche empiriche maggiori della radiazione cosmica (2015) : • 1 Lo spettro in energia dei raggi cosmici. • 2 Le abbondanze relative dei vari nuclei della radiazione cosmica. • 3 La durata di vita dei raggi cosmici galattici di bassa energia. Anche chiamata tempo di residenza nel disco galattico o ancora età dei raggi cosmici. • 4 Uniformitàdelledirezioni di motodeiraggicosmici la cosiddettaanisotropiadeiraggicosmici. • 5 Le regioni del cosmo occupate dalla radiazione cosmica.

3. Si definiscono alcuni termini di largo uso: Il ciclo di vita dei raggi cosmici può suddividersi in nascita, accelerazione, propagazione e estinzione (o spegnimento). Sorgente dei raggi cosmici è un termine generico per indicare i siti d’ iniezione. I raggi cosmici provenienti dal Sole, che sono di bassa energia, al massimo circa 100 GeV (casi rari ma osservati), il sito d’ iniezione è il Sole e più precisamente le regioni sede dei brillamenti solari. Per i raggi cosmici galattici, ad esempio nella banda 1010-1018 eV si assume nei ragionamenti che sia il mezzo interstellare indifferenziato. Ad energie inferiori a 1015 eV alcuni ritengono che particolari classi di stelle contribuiscono all’ iniezione ( ad esempio le regioni che circondano i resti di supernova).

5. Tecnica di misura

8. Outline • Concise summary of the available data on the energy spectrum and the chemical composition measured by the Auger and TA Collaborations. • Cosmic nuclei abundances versus energy (Chemical composition) from 1012 eV up to 2.6 1019 eV computed by the Theory of Constant Indices (TCI). • How to infer that the cosmic radiation above 6.7 x 1020 eV is devoid of nuclei from Hydrogen to Iron and consists only of nuclei heavier than Iron. • Predicted fluxes and comparison with experimental data.

9. The statement on the table is based on three separate research areas (the legs of the table) interconnected by this study. The energyintervalabove the anklewherethe cosmicradiationconsistsonlyofultraheavy nucleifromZincto the actinides Chemical composition above 2.6 x 1019 eV Energy spectra above 2.6 x 1019 eV Theoretical background based on the solution of the knee and ankle problem

11. One example of spectrum multiplied by E2.5

14. Cosmic-ray spectra by Haverah Park, Yakutsk, Agasa, HiRes Monocular and Auger instruments and the spectral index 2.67

15. ELI is the energy at which protonsfail to be injected to the Galactic Accelerator

16. 2nd leg of the table…. Chemical composition above 2.6 x 1019 eV

20. Third independent method of measuring the chemical composition by the Auger instrument

21. In the following I take the essential outcome of the Auger experiment: the chemical composition evolves from light to heavy in the range 3.5x10 18 eV up to 3x10 19 eV. The interpretation of the data by the TA Collaboration is slightly different from that reported by the Auger Collaboration since it has been stated : “The measured X max is consistent for being protons or light nuclei for energies 1018.2 eV - 1019.2 eV. “ Astro-ph/1503.9606v1 by M. Fukushima (TA Coll.), March 2015. The same statement is reported in the comprehensive paper: arXiv : 1408.1726v1 R. U. Abbasi et al. (TA Coll.), 7 August 2014

22. Atmospheric depth by the TA instrument

24. TheoreticalAtmosphericDepth Computedby the TelescopeArrayCollaboration Along the Years

27. 3rd leg of the table…. Theoretical background based on the solution of the knee and ankle problem. (a detailed description may be found in : Progress and Prejudice in Cosmic Ray Physics until 2006 by A. Codino http://www.editrice-sculapio.com/codino-progress-and-prejudice-in-cosmic-ray-physics-until-2006/ )

28. Study of cosmic rays by trajectory simulation 1994-2003 Low energies below 100 GeV 2004 2005 2006 Knee, second knee, ankle 2007 2008 2009 2010

32. The principle: the spectral indices of all ions of the cosmic radiation are energy independent and have a common value of about 2.67 It is called Principle of Constant Indices for the reasons described in a recent paper by A. Codino (ICRC 2015) : The Knee and Ankle Features derivedfrom the Principle of Constant Indices and the Galactic Accelerator. The energy interval where this principle applies is: 10 GeV – 5 x 1019 eV (the iron ankle).

33. One example of spectrum multiplied by E2.5

37. Comparison of TCI with the Traditional Theories of Cosmic Rays

38. TCI limit

45. Features of the Galactic Accelerator • The physical process accelerating cosmic rays in the Galaxy is regarded as unknown in this presentation. • The major known feature of the Galactic Accelerator is the spectral index of 2.67 + - 0.05. • The maximum characteristic energy of the Galactic Accelerator is denoted here by Emax . • At the end of this study it results that Emax is beyond 1020 eV.

48. An upward deviation from a power law may signal the onset of the extragalactic component (red segment). A downward deviation signals that a subprocess of the entire galactic acceleration cycle starts to fail. Empiricarilly what happens is a downward deviation (green segment).

49. Intensity steps due to failure of particle injection to the Galactic Accelerator 2 H 2,67 He CNO Ne-S 2.6x1019 eV

50. H 2,67 He CNO Ne-S 2.6x1019 eV 2,67