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Understanding Adulteration of Crude Drugs in Pharmacy Practice

Adulteration of crude drugs involves altering their quality to deceive others, resulting in lower standards or quality. It can be intentional or accidental, with types including deterioration, admixture, inferiority, spoilage, sophistication, and substitution. Deterioration involves destroying active constituents, while admixture and inferiority relate to adding or having less active principle, respectively. Spoilage is caused by pests, sophistication involves purposely adding inferior substances, and substitution entails replacing with different materials.

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Understanding Adulteration of Crude Drugs in Pharmacy Practice

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  1. CRUDE DRUGS - ADULTERATION PEPARED BY: TAHMINA AFROZ LECTURER DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

  2. DEFINITION OF ADULTERATION: Adulteration is an illegal act of altering the original quality and properties of an article in order to cheat or defraud others. or Any change in an article that lowers its standard , quality or composition, irrespective of adulteration. or causes ,is regarded as Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic properties.

  3. CLASSIFICATION OF ADULTERATION Crude drugs are adulterated by a number of illegal acts. These are roughly divided into two groups- 1. Indeliberate adulteration/accidental adulteration: when the act of adulteration takes place due to various unintentional reasons 2. Deliberate adulteration (Intentional): when adulteration is done intentionally to cheat others. It is done mainly for enhancement of profit.

  4. TYPES OF ADULTERATION There are six types of adulteration: • Deterioration • Admixture • Inferiority • Spoilage • Sophistication • Substitution

  5. Deterioration: A deteriorated drug is one in which the active constituents have been partially destroyed by over aging, moisture , heat , fungi , and insects or by other means. Examples are hardened powdered squill , over roasted coffee beans , etc. Incase of partially abstracting their active principle using processes like distillation and solvent extraction . ex. Spent Clove is a typical example of deliberate deterioration.in this case a portion of volatile oil is removed by distillation and can be sold as a genuine sample. deliberate deterioration of crude drugs is done by Admixture: Admixture is the addition of one article to another through accident, ignorance or carelessness. containing an excess amount of senna stems would be an admixed drug . Ex: Senna leaves

  6. Inferiority: Inferrior drug is a substandard drug ,which contains less quantity of active principle. Ex: If the leaves of any Datura stramonium sample contains less than 0.25 percent of total alkaloids, they constitute an inferior Stramonium drug , which is regarded as an adulterated one. Spoilage: Spoilage is a substandard condition produced by microbial or other pest infestation, which makes a product unfit for consumption, which can be avoided by careful attention to the drying, and storage conditions.

  7. Sophistication: Sophistication is the deliberate addition of inferior material with intent to defraud; such materials are carefully produced and may appear at first sight to be genuine e.g. powder ginger may be diluted with starch with addition of little coloring material to give the correct shade of yellow colour. Substitution: Substitution is the addition of an entirely different article in place of that which is required e.g. supply of cheap cottonseed oil in place of olive oil. artificial invert sugar for honey; paraffin wax after yellow coloration substituted for bees wax.

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