Honors Marine Biology

1. Honors Marine Biology Estuary Communities - Part 1 Module 10 January 27, 2015

2. Today is Notebook Check Through Module 9

3. Class Challenge Share your favorite Cookies!

4. Quiz 18 Name January 27, 2015

5. Question 1 A soft bottomed ecosystem is influenced by two major parameters. What are they?

6. Question 2 What is mud made up of?

7. Question 3 How many hours is it between high and low tide?

8. Question 4 Explain: Spring Tide Neap Tide

9. Question 1 A soft bottomed ecosystem is influenced by two major parameters. What are they? 1. Water movement 2. Sediment size and type

10. Question 2 What is mud made up of? Clay and Silt

11. Question 3 How many hours is it between high and low tide? 6 hours

12. Question 4 Explain: Spring Tide: The sun and the moon are aligned and it causes the highest gravitational pull. Neap Tide: The sun and moon are at 45 degree angles of one another and it produces the lowest tides.

13. Birding Field Trip February 3 (Next week’s class) at the Celery Fields (Palmer Mountain). We will meet at school and leave from here at 10:30am and return back to School by 1:00pm. If you have binoculars, Bring them!

15. SeaPerch Project The Team Leaders have organized a 20 to 25 minute “next step” to be completed now in class.

16. Estuary Communities Are a semi-enclosed area at the mouth of a river where fresh water and seawater meet and mix.

17. Some well known estuaries in North America are: San Francisco Bay, Tampa Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and the Mississippi River delta.

18. Important Estuaries Worldwide Thames River Estuary in England Heuningnes Estuary in South Africa Bay of Bengal in India Phang Nga Bay in Thailand Gulf of Carpentaria in Australia

19. Thames River Estuary in England

20. Heuningnes Estuary in South Africa Situated within the De Mond State Forest in the Western Cape, the estuary of the Heuningnes River extends approximately 12 km across the flat coastal plain of the Zoetendals Vallei farm area before breaking out to sea through a double dune ridge.

21. Bay of Bengal in India

22. Phang Nga Bay in Thailand

23. Gulf of Carpentaria in Australia

24. Estuaries Many of these areas have large harbors and industrial parks. That is because estuaries provide people with: 1. plentiful food, plus 2. a water pathway inland from the ocean.

25. Estuaries Are desirable for the establishment of cities. We have discussed the impact that people have on these areas. Name some…

26. Formation of Estuaries Most estuaries are believed to have been formed as a result of actions that occurred during an ice age.

27. What is an Ice Age? It is a period in earth’s history when the average temperature of the earth was significantly cooler than it is now. During this time sheets of ice covered as much as one-third of the earth’s surface.

28. These ice sheets were the result of accumulated snow packed down by its own weight into ice. As the weight of the accumulated snow pushed down on this ice, it began to flow outward, much like a lump of clay flows when you press down on it. As the ice flowed down into the lower latitudes, it carved out the land as it moved. These moving sheets of ice are called glaciers.

29. Glacial Deposits In many places throughout the world, geologists have found deposits of gravel, dirt, and debris very similar to those found at the edge of glaciers that exist today. As the glaciers move across land, they scour the earth, picking up pebbles, dirt, and sometimes large rocks.

30. All of this gets deposited when the glacier starts to melt. Since we see deposits like these in areas that do not currently have glaciers, we have to assume that glaciers did exist in those areas at one time.

31. In addition, geologists have found many places where there are very large boulders that clearly did not form where they are now. (the State of Montana - Glacier National Park ) Based on their characteristics, it is obvious that they were transported there. They could easily traveled on a glacial ice sheet and then been deposited when the ice sheet began to melt.

32. The park is named for its prominent glacier-carved terrain and remnant glaciers descended from the ice ages of 10,000 years past. Bedrock and deposited materials exposed by receding glaciers tell a story of ancient seas, geologic faults and uplifting, and the movement of giant slabs of the earth's ancient crust overlaying younger strata. The result of these combined forces is some of the most spectacular scenery on the planet. 

33. The motion of Glaciers 11 long narrow lakes in northern New York state called the “Finger-lakes.” Two of those lakes (Seneca Lake and Cayuga Lake) are deep, with bottoms that are actually below sea level. The best way to explain them is that they were carved into their present state by the motion of glaciers.

35. These kinds of geological formation can be found throughout Canada and even down into the center of the United States.

36. The formation of Glaciers 1. Needs to be a lot of snowfall and not much melting. Therefore in the US and Canada they must have had much cooler summers so the snow did not melt and it continued to build up.

37. There would need to be a greater rate of evaporation of moisture into the air. If glaciers are formed by the accumulation of large amounts of snow, there would have to be a lot of evaporation to supply the water to make the snow.

38. In order for a lot of evaporation to occur, the ocean temperatures would have to be warmer than they are today. • There would also have to be extreme weather patterns for the extra evaporated moisture to be transported from the oceans over the continents.

39. Giant Glaciers - Wild New World - BBC Planet • http://youtu.be/eyX0tr9x72Y • Glaciers and their effects • http://youtu.be/tM3x6_vb8_s • Glacier Power • http://youtu.be/cIBFAke90SI

40. The 2 different views of the Ice Age • There was a slow gradual process that happened over a very long time. Uniformitarians. They believe that the most recent ice age started about 1.75 million years ago and peaked about 18,000 years ago.

41. 2. Other scientists believe that most of the major geological features of the earth are a result of wide-scale catastrophes. Catastrophists. They believe that there was one major ice age in the history of the earth, and it was brought about by the worldwide Flood of Noah’s time.

42. In the view of Catastrophists, there was only one ice age in earth’s history, and it came about quickly and rather recently. Which group is right?

43. As mentioned earlier, cooler summers and a lot of snowfall are necessary for the continual buildup of ice. Cooler air cannot hold as much moisture as warmer air, so cooler temperatures could not support the moisture required for a large amount of snowfall.

44. In Siberia today, summers are cold, and not a lot of snow melts during the summer. • However, cold air cannot hold much moisture, so there is not a lot of snowfall in the winter. As a result, glaciers do not form there.

45. In order for form glaciers, you must have cooler summers, but at the same time you must have winters that are not incredibly cold too. That way there will be plenty of moisture in the air to allow for a lot of snowfall.

46. Uniformitarians believe that things change rather slowly and gradually in the earth. The formation of the ice age by gradual climate change is quite difficult to explain. How would you get the cooler summers but at the same time have winters that are not too cold and very wet?

47. Catastrophists who believe in the world wide flood of Noah’s time believe that at the end of the flood, the oceans were most likely warmer than they are today. This is because much of the floodwaters came from the “fountains of the deep” (Genesis 7:11). These were most likely fountains that originated in the mantle of the earth, which is very warm.

48. The influx of warm water would have added a lot of heat to the oceans, making them warmer than normal. This added warmth and extra moisture could certainly cause the wet and not-too-cold winters necessary for the widespread formation of glaciers.

49. Shortly after the flood… The land would have been extremely saturated with moisture and thus would reflect rather than absorb much of the solar radiation coming from the sun. This would make land temperatures cooler. Also, the differences in temperature between the warm oceans and the cool land would result in constant storms.

50. Hypothesis of Creationists During the later stages of the Flood, there were most likely regular volcanic eruptions due to the earth’s crust settling back into balance. The excessive dust propelled into the atmosphere from the volcanic eruptions would have reflected the sun’s radiation back into space, resulting in cooler summers.