2013 edition Wilfred E. Major wmajor@lsu.edu

1. Ancient Greek for Everyone:A New Digital Resource for Beginning GreekUnit 3 part 1: Introduction to the Greek Noun 2013 edition Wilfred E. Major wmajor@lsu.edu

2. Ancient Greek for Everyone This class AGE Unit 3: Introduction to the Greek Noun • You have learned the basics of Greek verbs: what actions they describe, how to form them, and how to translate them. • Next we add words that will enrich these actions with much concrete information: NOUNS.

3. Ancient Greek for Everyone • A NOUN indicates a person, place or thing. • An English noun by itself indicates what the person, place or thing is (child, divinity, ruler…) • and whether it is singular or plural. • A Greek noun, however, normally communicates THREE pieces of information: • Gender • Number • Case

4. Ancient Greek for Everyone • A Greek noun communicates THREE pieces of information: • Gender • All Greek nouns have gender. • The gender may simply reflect the gender of a person or animal. • In some cases, the form or spelling of a word dictates its grammatical gender, regardless of its meaning (so ἀνδρεία, the Greek word for “manliness,” is grammatically feminine). • In many cases, however, the gender was assigned to nouns so long ago that Greeks did not know or understand why a noun had a specific gender. • Number • Case

5. Ancient Greek for Everyone • A Greek noun communicates THREE pieces of information: • Gender • Greek distinguishes three grammatical genders: • Masculine • Feminine • Neuter (= the Latin word “neither,” meaning neither masculine nor feminine) • Number • Case

6. Ancient Greek for Everyone • A Greek noun communicates THREE pieces of information: • Gender • Greek distinguishes three grammatical genders: • Masculine, Feminine, Neuter • English mostly distinguishes these three genders only in pronouns: he, she, it. • For Greek nouns, by contrast, the gender is as much a part of the noun as its spelling and you must know a noun’s gender to comprehend Greek. • Number • Case

7. Ancient Greek for Everyone • A Greek noun communicates THREE pieces of information: • Gender • Number • Like English nouns, Greek nouns indicate singular and plural: • singular: child, divinity, ruler • plural: children, divinities, rulers • English nouns most often indicate the plural by adding –s, but some nouns use different suffixes and other changes to indicate the plural. • Case

8. Ancient Greek for Everyone • A Greek noun communicates THREE pieces of information: • Gender • Number • Case • Greek puts every noun into a particular case to indicate its role in an action or place in an idea.

9. Ancient Greek for Everyone • A Greek noun communicates THREE pieces of information: • Gender • Number • Case Greek uses four cases: • Nominative • Genitive • Dative • Accusative

10. Ancient Greek for Everyone • Greek uses four cases: • Nominative: The nominative case indicates that a noun is the subject of a verb. • Genitive • Dative • Accusative Marygives the rulers the child of Joseph.

11. Ancient Greek for Everyone • Greek uses four cases: • Nominative • Genitive • Dative • Accusative: The accusativecase indicates that a noun is the first (primary, direct) objectof a verb. Mary gives the rulers the child of Joseph.

12. Ancient Greek for Everyone • Greek uses four cases: • Nominative • Genitive • Dative: The dativecase indicates that a noun is the second (indirect) object of a verb. • Accusative: Mary gives the rulers the child of Joseph.

13. Ancient Greek for Everyone • Greek uses four cases: • Nominative • Genitive • Dative: The dativecase also indicates the means, tool or instrument used to accomplish an action. English most often uses “with” to indicate this use. As often, where English uses a separate word, Greek uses a suffix. • Accusative: Mary carries the child with her hands.

14. Ancient Greek for Everyone • Greek uses four cases: • Nominative • Genitive: The genitivecase plays roughly the same role as the preposition “of” in English. As often, where English uses a separate word, Greek uses a suffix. • Dative • Accusative: Mary gives the rulers the child of Joseph. The cup is empty of water.

15. Ancient Greek for Everyone • Greek uses four cases: • Nominative • Genitive: While English can indicate possession either with “of” or an ’s, Greek can indicate possession only with the Genitive case. All the highlighted words would be in the Genitive case in Greek, with no distinction among them. Mary gives the rulers the child of Joseph. Mary gives the rulers Joseph’s child. Joseph’scup is empty of water.

16. Ancient Greek for Everyone • Greek uses four cases: • Study the sentences below. • They are the same sentence as on the previous slides, but with pronouns substituted for the nouns. • Why are the sentences still wrong? • English uses case forms for personal pronouns, but not for nouns. Greek uses case forms for nearly all nouns. Her gives they its. Mary gives the rulers the child of he.

17. Ancient Greek for Everyone • Greek uses four cases: • See how changing the case form of the pronouns makes the sentence correct: Shegives them it (it to them). Mary gives the rulers his child (of him, of his). • English uses case forms for personal pronouns, but not for nouns. Greek uses case forms for nearly all nouns.

18. Ancient Greek for Everyone • A Greek noun communicates THREE pieces of information: • Gender • Number • Case PARSING: To “parse” a Greek noun means to identify the above three qualities about a specific noun form.

19. Ancient Greek for Everyone • PARSING: To “parse” a Greek noun means to identify the three qualities about a specific noun form. • For example, a specific noun form could be • Masculine • Singular • Nominative • Once you know these three items and the noun’s meaning, you have identified the noun completely and understand what it means.

20. Ancient Greek for Everyone AGE Unit 3: Introduction to the Greek Noun • Now you have learned the what information a Greek noun conveys. • Next we learn how a Greek noun conveys this information. • You have seen how English nouns change to indicate number and how English pronouns change to fit their role in a sentence.

21. Ancient Greek for Everyone Building a Greek Noun • To begin building a Greek noun, start with the “stem.” • The stem tells you to what person, place or thing the noun refers: παιδ = “child” δαιμον = “divinity” ἀρχοντ= “ruler”

22. Ancient Greek for Everyone Building a Greek Noun • All the nouns in this part are masculinein gender. • As with verbs, Greek adds suffixes to the stems to indicate further information. • Since Greek has two numbers (singular, plural) and four cases (Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative), Greek nouns need eight different endings to cover all the possibilities.

23. Ancient Greek for Everyone Singular • Nominative –ς • Genitive –ος • Dative –ι • Accusative –α Plural • Nominative –ες • Genitive –ων • Dative –σι • Accusative –ας Building a Greek Noun Third Declension Endings

24. Ancient Greek for Everyone Building a Greek Noun • All the nouns in this part are masculinein gender. • We begin with nouns whose stem ends in a dental (-τ/-δ/-θ/-ν). • Recall that when a sigma follows a dental, the dental disappears and the sigma remains: δ+ σ= σ. • Notice that two of the noun endings involve adding a sigma to the stem: nom. sing. = -ς, dat. plu. = -σι. παιδ = “child”

25. Ancient Greek for Everyone Singular • Nom. (παιδς ) παῖς • Gen. παιδός • Dat. παιδί • Acc. παῖδα Plural • Nom. παῖδες • Gen. παίδων • Dat.(παιδσι ) παισί • Acc. παῖδας Building a Greek Noun declension of παῖς, παιδόςὁchild

26. Ancient Greek for Everyone Spell it Like It Sounds! • Remember: A word ending in -σιcan add a final -ν(“nu-movable”)to make pronunciation easier: • For example, εἴκοσι εἶσι εἴκοσιν εἶσιν. • This added -ν has no meaning; it simply helps pronunciation. • For the noun παῖς, this means the dative plural form παισίcanappear as παισίν. It does not affect the parsing, meaning or translation.

27. Ancient Greek for Everyone DECLINING: The process of writing or saying all the forms of a noun is called “declining” them (ancient scholars metaphorically described noun forms as “declining” down from their nominative singular form). • A Greek noun communicates THREE pieces of information: • Gender • Number • Case PARSING: To “parse” a Greek noun means to identify the above three qualities about a specific noun form.

28. Ancient Greek for Everyone • PARSING: to “parse” a Greek noun means to identify the above three qualities about a specific noun form. • For example, παῖςis • Masculine • Singular • Nominative • The above information, plus the stem meaning, tells you that “child” is the subject of the sentence.

29. Ancient Greek for Everyone Building a Greek Noun • All the nouns in this part are masculinein gender. • We begin with nouns whose stem ends in a dental (-τ/-δ/-θ/-ν). • Notice that two of the noun endings involve adding a sigma to the stem: Nom. sing. = -ς, Dat. plu. = -σι. • Recall that when a sigma follows a dental, the dental disappears and the sigma remains: ν+ σ= σ. • But remember the unpopularity of sigma and the process of “compensatory lengthening,” where a Greek word drops a sigma and lengthens a vowel to make up for the loss. δαιμον = “divinity”

30. Ancient Greek for Everyone Singular • Nom. (δαιμονς ) δαίμων • Gen.δαίμονος • Dat.δαίμονι • Acc.δαίμονα Plural • Nom.δαίμονες • Gen. δαιμόνων • Dat.(δαιμονσι ) δαίμοσι • Acc. δαίμονας Building a Greek Noun declension of δαίμων-ονοςὁdivinity

31. Ancient Greek for Everyone Building a Greek Noun • All the nouns in this part are masculinein gender. • We begin with nouns whose stem ends in a dental (-τ/-δ/-θ/-ν). • Notice that two of the noun endings involve adding a sigma to the stem: Nom. sing. = -ς, Dat. plu. = -σι. • Recall that when a sigma follows a dental, the dental disappears and the sigma remains: τ+ σ= σ. • But remember the unpopularity of sigma and the process of “compensatory lengthening,” where a Greek word drops a sigma and lengthens a vowel to make up for the loss. ἀρχοντ = “ruler”

32. Ancient Greek for Everyone Singular • Nom. (ἀρχοντς ) ἄρχων • Gen.ἄρχοντος • Dat.ἄρχοντι • Acc.ἄρχοντα Plural • Nom.ἄρχοντες • Gen.ἀρχόντων • Dat.(ἀρχοντσι ) ἄρχουσι • Acc. ἄρχοντας Building a Greek Noun declension of ἄρχων-οντοςὁruler

33. Ancient Greek for Everyone • VOCABULARY: Since the nominative singular displays variations in response to the sigma, nouns are listed in three parts: • The nominative singular: so you always see exactly how this form appears. • The genitive singular: so you can see the stem (everything before the ending -ος) • The gender: the wordὁ indicates that these nouns are masculine.

34. Ancient Greek for Everyone Examples of Vocabulary entries • ἄρχων, ἄρχοντος ὁ ruler • δαίμων,δαίμονοςὁ divinity • παῖς, παιδόςὁ child

35. Ancient Greek for Everyone • Next • practice with ἄρχων, δαίμων, παῖς • Be able to pronounce and parse a random form • Be able to link the case of the form to its function in a sentence. So for example, in the sentence: 1 gives 2 of 4 to 3. A noun in the nominative case functions where 1 is. A noun in the genitive case functions where 4is. A noun in the dative case functions where 3is. A noun in the accusative case functions where 2is.

36. Ancient Greek for Everyone Building a Greek Noun • Why does the word ὁ indicate the noun is masculine in gender? • This is the word “the” in Greek. • More specifically, it is the “definite article.”

37. Ancient Greek for Everyone Building a Greek Noun • The definite article is far and away the most common word in Greek (making up about 10% of Greek texts all by itself), so it is essential to understanding Greek. • Like nouns, the definite article in Greek has gender, number and case. Also like nouns, then, it needs eight forms to cover the two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative).

38. Ancient Greek for Everyone Singular • Nom. ὁ • Gen.τοῦ • Dat.τῷ • Acc.τόν Plural • Nom.οἱ • Gen.τῶν • Dat.τοῖς • Acc. τούς Building a Greek Noun The masculine definite article

39. Ancient Greek for Everyone Building a Greek Noun • Like nouns, the definite article in Greek has gender, number and case. • The noun and the definite article must parse the same: they must be the same in gender, number and case. • Most often, Greek includes the definite article, even when English does not (e.g., with proper names). Unless there is some reason to omit it, expect that the definite article will be present.

40. Ancient Greek for Everyone Singular • Nom. ὁ παῖς • Gen.τοῦ παιδός • Dat.τῷ παιδί • Acc.τὸν παῖδα Plural • Nom.οἱ παῖδες • Gen.τῶν παίδων • Dat.τοῖς παισί • Acc. τοὺς παῖδας Building a Greek Noun Declension + article of παῖς, παιδόςὁchild

41. Ancient Greek for Everyone Singular • Nom.ὁ δαίμων • Gen.τοῦ δαίμονος • Dat.τῷ δαίμονι • Acc.τὸν δαίμονα Plural • Nom.οἱ δαίμονες • Gen.τῶνδαιμόνων • Dat.τοῖς δαίμοσι • Acc. τοὺς δαίμονας Building a Greek Noun declension + article of δαίμων-ονοςὁdivinity

42. Ancient Greek for Everyone Singular • Nom. ὁ ἄρχων • Gen.τοῦ ἄρχοντος • Dat.τῷ ἄρχοντι • Acc.τὸν ἄρχοντα Plural • Nom.οἱ ἄρχοντες • Gen.τῶνἀρχόντων • Dat.τοῖς ἄρχουσι • Acc. τοὺς ἄρχοντας Building a Greek Noun declension + article of ἄρχων-οντοςὁruler

43. Ancient Greek for Everyone • Next • practice with ἄρχων, δαίμων, παῖς • Be able to pronounce and parse a random form. • Be able to link the noun form with the appropriate form of the definite article and vice versa. • Be able to link the case of the form to its function in a sentence.

44. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 3 part 1 Vocabulary: DCC Classical • ἀγών -ῶνος ὁ contest • δαίμων -ονος ὁ divinity • ἡγεμών -όνος ὁ guide, commander • παῖς, παιδός ὁ child • πούς,ποδός ὁ foot

45. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 3 part 1 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • αἰών -ῶνος ὁ age, eternity • ἄρχων -οντος ὁ ruler

46. Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 3 part 1 Vocabulary: Core • ἄρχων -οντος ὁ ruler

47. Ancient Greek for Everyone • Next • Feminine nouns.