Classical Rome

1. Classical Rome

2. Vocabulary • Patricians- A member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies. • Plebeians- Of or relating to the common people of ancient Rome • Senate- An assembly or a council of citizens having the highest deliberative and legislative functions in a government, • Praetor- An annually elected magistrate of the ancient Roman Republic, ranking below but having approximately the same functions as a consul. • Provinces- A territory governed as an administrative or political unit of a country or empire • Ius Civile (civil law)- the legal code of ancient Rome; codified under Justinian; the basis for many modern systems of civil law; regulated civilian life • Ius naturale (natural law)- Laws that apply to all societies and all people • Struggle of the Orders- conflict between the patricians & plebeians over equality of rights for plebeians • Tribunes- An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates • Paterfamilias- A man who is the head of a household or the father of a family

3. Manumission- the formal act of freeing from slavery • Latifunda- A great landed estate, especially of the ancient Romans • Pax Romana- the Roman peace; the long period of peace (@200 years) enforced on states in the Roman Empire- • First Triumvirate- Power of the consuls divided among three leaders Pompey, Crassus, & Julius Caesar • Princeps Civitas- title given to Augustus meaning “First Citizen of the State” • Messiah- One who is anticipated as, regarded as, or professes to be a savior or liberator. • Five Good Emperors- Golden Age of the Roman Empire under Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, & Marcus Aurelius • Gladiators- A person, usually a professional combatant, a captive, or a slave, trained to entertain the public by engaging in mortal combat with another person or a wild animal in the ancient Roman arena • Tetrarchy- Joint rule by four governors • Legion- The major unit of the Roman army consisting of 3,000 to 6,000 infantry troops and 100 to 200 cavalry troops

4. Geography & Rome Rome is located in the center of the Italian peninsula. This location helped the Romans expand in Italy and beyond. The Apennine Mountains run down the center of Italy but are not too rugged nor high. Fertile plains supported a growing population. Ancestors of the Romans settled along the Tiber River. These villages eventually grew into Rome. Rome

6. GREECE ROME

8. Etruscans--Who were they? • Etruscans settled in the northern part of the Italian peninsula establishing city-states • Traded with Phoenicians & Greeks • Phoenicians were seafaring carriers of culture • Greeks created colonies in the southern part of peninsula (ie. port of Naples) -- technologically advanced-built temples, walls, canals- masters of public works! -- Organized government under successive kings -- Ruled over the city of Rome until 509BCE when the aristocrats overthrew the king

9. 1 The Roman Republic 509 B.C. – 31 B.C. In 509 B.C., the Romans drove out the Etruscans and set up a new government, which they called a republic.In a republic, some officials are chosen by the people. In the early republic, the senate dominated the government. Its members were patricians, or members of the landholding class. Little by little, the plebeians, or common people, gained some political power. These included the right to elect their own officials, called tribunes. The tribunes could veto, or block, laws that they felt harmed plebeians. More than 2,000 years later, the framers of the United States Constitution would adapt Roman ideas of government, such as the senate, the veto, and checks on political power.

10. Rome Senate: set up under the kings as a council of elders to advise the king (Patricians) Assembly: made up of all citizens capable of bearing arms (Plebeians) Patricians & Plebeians met in the assembly to elect: Two Consuls- to govern the city Magistrates- appointed judges; upon retirement served in Senate Tribunes- plebeians appointed to protect commoners Roman Republic Government

12. Republican Governments

13. Twelve Tables • Law Codes originally written on wood then inscribed later on bronze and placed in the Forum (town square) • 450 BCE 10 consuls drew up 10 laws ; just before they finished they added two more laws • Prohibiting marriage between the classes • Laws were binding and cannot be changed • Significance? - judges could no longer interpret the laws unjustly -becomes the basis for western civilization civil & criminal legal system

14. Quick Look at the 12 Tables • In your base groups, decide what laws you would use from the 12 Tables to solve the case assigned to your group. • Timekeepers- 8 mins! Be ready to share.

15. End of Roman Republic- Beginning of Roman Empire • Following Caesar’s murder, Roman citizens took matters into their own hands. • Octavian, Caesar’s adopted son takes rule • Octavian renamed Augustus-first emperor ending the 500 year old Roman Republic • 42BCE: Augustus’ soldiers demand that the senate give Consulship to Augustus • Plebeians re-elect Augustus as consul thirteen times • Ruled for 41 years and began the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) that lasted @ 200 years (27BCE to CE 180) • Restored law, security, initiated reforms in government, created public works

16. Augustus’ Reforms • Created efficient civil service to enforce the laws. • Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent, regardless of race. • Allowed cities and provinces to govern themselves. • Ordered a census, or population count, in order to make the tax system more fair. • Set up a postal service and issued new coins. • Employed the jobless.

17. Latin- unifying language of the Roman Empire Arch, dome, aqueducts & roads Literature- Virgil’s Aeneid Satire Julian Calendar & some days & months names Christianity as a dominant religion Codified Legal system Great Achievements & Legacies of Rome

18. 4 Religious Diversity in the Early Empire • As long as people honored Roman gods and acknowledged the divine spirit of the emperor, they were allowed to worship other gods as they pleased. • After the Romans conquered Judea, they excused the monotheistic Jews from worshiping the Roman gods. • Rome mistrusted Christians because they refused to make sacrifices to the emperor or honor the Roman gods. • Roman officials persecuted the Christians. Many Christians became martyrs, people who suffer or die for their beliefs.

19. Rebellion under Roman Rule • 66 CE Jews rebelled against Roman rule in Jerusalem • Romans destroyed their cities • 132 CE Jews rebelled again • Romans crushed the revolt and forced the Jews to scatter out of Jerusalem to outskirts of Roman empire and other territories

20. The Teachings of Jesus Some of Jesus’ teachings were rooted in Judaism: • Belief in one God • Ten Commandments • Mercy and sympathy for the poor and helpless • Obedience to the laws of Moses Jesus also preached new beliefs: • Called himself the Son of God • Proclaimed that he brought salvation and eternal life to anyone who would believe in him • Jesus also emphasized God’s love and taught the need for justice, morality, and service to others. Did you know that Jesus lived His entire life under Roman rule?

21. Spread of Christianity At first, the apostles and disciples preached only in Judea. Disciples began to preach inJewish communities throughout the Roman world.Jews who accepted thebeliefs of Jesus became the first Christians. Paul spread Christianity beyond the Jewish communities, to non-Jews.

22. Emperors were repeatedly overthrown or assassinated. In one 50-year period, 26 emperors ruled, and only one died of natural causes. High taxes to support the army burdened business people and farmers. Poor farmers were forced to work and live on wealthy estates. Overcultivated farmland lost its productivity. 5 The Empire in Crisis With the end of the Pax Romana, political and economic turmoil rocked the Roman empire. Political Problems Economic & Social Problems

23. Empire too large to govern Corruption in military and untrained soldiers most were hired mercenaries Civil wars broke out Distrust of the leaders Ineffective emperors Increased reliance on slave labor Rich became lazy and self-centered (all for self, not for the good of the people) Heavy taxes; no jobs for the poor Trade decreases; prices increased Population declined due to disease, starvation, & war Barbarian tribes, such as the Huns, Visigoths, Franks, and Saxons overrun the empire Empire split in half- Western Roman Empire & Eastern Roman Empire Empire in Trouble-Decline of Rome

24. A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of Germanic invasions. The Huns dislodged other Germanic peoples and, little by little, conquered the Roman empire. 5 Foreign Invasions

25. Divided the empire into two parts to make it easier to govern Tried to increase the prestige of the emperor Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the rapid rise of prices Established laws to ensure steady production of food and goods Continued Diocletian’s reforms Granted toleration to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of Christianity Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the eastern part of the empire the center of power 5 Can the Empire Be Saved? Two Reformers Tried Diocletian Constantine

26. Western & Eastern Roman Empires • By 476 CE Visigoths sack Rome; Western Roman Empire comes to an end and is thrown into an Age of Darkness • Eastern Roman Empire (Constantinople) later renamed the Byzantine empire—lasts another 1000 years!

27. Just a great map to look at!