Dr. Mahmoud AlHussami

Health Education & Health Promotion First Semester -AY 1437-1438H (2016-2017G) Third Year-Fifth Level School of Nursing Developments of Teaching Plans Dr. Mahmoud AlHussami

Learning Objectives • Define the teaching plans • List types of teaching plans • List attributes of the instructional methods. • Describe the functions of the Instructional methods • Explain the traditional and non-traditional teaching methods • Discuss common characteristics of the lecture, group discussion, one to one demonstration, and role playing. • List the Techniques enhance the effectiveness of teaching.

Major Reasons of Constructing a Teaching Plan • To force the teacher to examine the relationship among the steps of the teaching process to ensure a logical approach to teaching, which can serve as a map for organizing and keeping instruction on target. • To communicate in writing and in an outline format exactly what is being taught, how it is being taught and evaluated, and the time allotted for the accomplishment of the behavioral objectives. • To legally document that an individual plan for each learner is in place and is being properly implemented.

Eight Basic Parts of a Teaching Plan: • The purpose • Statement of overall goal • List of objectives (sub objectives, if necessary) • Outline of the related content • Methods of presentation • Time allotted for the teaching of each objective • Instructional resources (materials/tools) • Methods of evaluation of learning.

Instructional methods • Instructional methods: are the techniques or approaches the teacher uses to bring the learner into contact with the content to be learned. The techniques or approaches the teacher uses to bring the learner into contact with the content to be learned.

Types of Instructional Methods • Traditional Methods • lecture • one-to-one instruction • group discussion • demonstration and return demonstration. • Non-Traditional Method • gaming • self instruction activities • simulation • computer assisted instruction • role-playing • Distance learning • role-modeling.

Lecture • A highly structured method by which the teacher verbally transmits information directly to groups of learner for the purpose of instruction. • It can be an effective method of teaching in the lower-level of cognitive domain to impart content knowledge.

Advantages: • Useful to demonstrate and highlight main idea. • Efficient and cost-effective method for getting large amount of information across to a large number of people all at the same time. • Can be easily supplemented with handout materials and other audiovisual aid.

Limitations/Disadvantages: • Ineffective in influencing affective and psychomotor behavior. • Does not provide for much stimulation of learners. • Less opportunity for learner involvement. • Instructor centered. • Learners are exposed to the same information regardless of ability or need.

Group discussion • A method of teaching whereby learners get together to exchange information, feelings, and opinion with each other and the teacher. • The group size can vary, but most group discussion techniques can be used with a few as 3 people and as many as 15-20 people.

Advantages • stimulate learners to think about issues and problems • makes learning more active because learner can exchange their own experiences. • active learning leads to greater retention of information. • provides opportunities for sharing of ideas, receiving peer support, fostering a feeling of belonging, giving guidance and reinforcing previous learning.

Limitations/disadvantages: • one or two members tend to dominate the discussion which may lead shy members not to participate. • requires the teacher presence during each session to act as a facilitator and resource person. • takes more time to transmit information via this method than in any other methods.

One-to-one instruction • a method in which the teacher delivers individual instruction designed specifically for a particular learner. • it is an opportunity to communicate ideas and feelings primarily through oral exchange and also non verbal messages. Questioning is an excellent strategies for this method.

Advantages: • individualize teaching—can be tailored to meet individual needs. • serves as an ideal intervention for initial assessment and continued evaluation of the learner in all three domains of learning. • suitable for teaching those who are educationally disadvantaged or who have been diagnosed with low level literacy skills or learning disabilities. • understanding can be determined on a regular basis followed by feedback from the teacher.

Limitations/Disadvantages: • isolation of the learner from others who may have similar needs or concerns. • learners are deprived of the opportunity to share ideas, thoughts and feelings with others. • Learner might feel "put on the spot" because they are the only ones who are the object of teaching and may feel anxious. • learner might interpret question as a test of their knowledge and skills. • Costly.

Demonstration and Return Demonstration • Demonstration. • a method by which the learner is shown by the teacher how to perform a particular skill. • prior to a demonstration, learners should be informed of the purpose of the procedure, the sequential steps to be involved, the equipment being used, and what they will be expected to do. • Return demonstration • a method by which the learner attempts to perform the skill with cues from the teacher as needed. • These two method are effective in teaching psychomotor domain skills.

Advantages & Disadvantages • Advantages: • actively engage the learner through multiple stimulation of visual, auditory and tactile senses. • extended practice instills confidence for the learner to perform the skill competently. • Limitation/disadvantages: • time-consuming—require plenty of time to be set aside for teaching as well as learning. • expensive—due to the need of keeping the size of the group small and the need for individual supervision during follow-up practice.

Gaming • an instructional method requiring the learner to participate in a competitive activity with preset rules. • the goal of the game is for the learners to win a game by applying knowledge and rehearsing skills previously learned. • the teacher role is facilitator. • at the end of the game, the teacher should conduct a debriefing session focusing on educational content and evaluating the learning experience. Learner should be given a chance to discuss what they learned, ask questions, received feedback regarding the outcome of the game, and offers suggestion for improving the process.

Advantages • fun with a purpose. Its add a variety to the learning experience. • promotes retention of information by stimulating learner enthusiasm and increasing learner involvement. • it requires the learner to used problem solving and critical thinking strategies. • effective for improving cognitive functioning, enhance skills in psychomotor domain, and influence affective behavior through increased social interaction.

Limitations/Disadvantages: • can create a competitive environment that may be threatening to some learners. • the group size must be kept small for all members be able to participate. • the room must be more flexible than a traditional classroom. • noise level may be higher • requires more physical demanding than any other methods.

Simulation • Simulation • a method where by an artificial or hypothetical experience is created that engage the learner in an activity that reflects real-life conditions but without the risks taking consequences of the actual situation. • learners are rehearsing behaviors or roles that they will need to master and apply in real life. • Example: • A staff nurse is learning to respond to a chest trauma victim in an emergency room setting and is expected to gather an assessment rapidly and set up a chest tube drainage system with accuracy and speed. All these action will take place while the nurse is pretending to interact with other team members and a very frighten patients.

Advantages & Disadvantages • Advantages: • participant can try their problem solving, interactive and psychomotor skills. • clinical judgment and technical proficiency can be practiced in safe environment. • effective for teaching higher-level of cognitive domain, as well as promoting the attainment of psychomotor and affective skills. • Limitation/Disadvantages: • expensive • labor intensive.

Role Playing • a method by which learner participates in an unrehearsed dramatization. They are asked to play assigned parts of a character as they think the character would act in reality. • it is different from simulation, because the learner in role-playing is not mastering a role in order to use it but rather to develop understanding of other people. • Example: • Simulation: a diabetes patient in self management education program will need to practice behavior such as selecting foods in a restaurant menu and setting their insulin pumps for correct bolus of insulin because these are self management skills they need to master. • Role playing: the nurse attending an education program, may wear an insulin pump containing saline and select the appropriate foods to "see how it feels" to have to be aware of these issues rather than for the purpose of mastering the techniques.

Advantages & Disadvantages • Advantages: • provides an opportunity for the learner to explore feelings and attitudes. • it has the potential to bridge the gap between understanding and feeling. • reduce the distance between clients and professionals. • Limitations/Disadvantages: • the participant may overly exaggerate the roles assigned to them, they become too dramatic and then the part loses its realism and credibility. • participants may become uncomfortable in their role and therefore are unable to develop the role sufficiently.

Role-Modelling • Role-Modeling. the use of self as a role model is often overlooked as a method. Learning from role modeling is called identification and emanates from socialization theories that explain how people acquire new behaviors and social roles. Action speaks louder than voice.

Self instructional activities (self-study) • a method use by teacher to provide or design instructional activities that guide the learner in independently achieving the objectives of learning. • the teacher provide a self-study module that usually focused on one topic and the hallmark of this method is independent study. Modules come in form of workbooks, study guides, videotapes or computer programs.

Advantages & Disadvantages • Advantages: • effective for learning in the cognitive and psychomotor domain. • effective for introducing principles and step by step guidelines prior to demonstration of psychomotor skills. • learner has self pacing and active learning. • learner has a chance to review and reflect on information. • cost-effective and less time consuming. • Limitations/Disadvantages: • low literacy skills which can impede their ability to read or comprehend information as presented. • visual and hearing impairment • low levels of motivation • may also be boring when overused with the same population with no variation in the activity design.

Computer assisted instruction • an individualized method of self study using the high technology of the computer to deliver an educational activity. It allows the learner to proceed at their own place with immediate and continuous feedback on their progress as they respond to the software program.

Advantages & Disadvantages • Advantages: • actively involves the learner in the learning process. • instruction is individualized to meet the learners need. • learner can set the pace, spend as much time on a subject as needed for mastery, and will do so in a private nonjudgmental environment. • time efficient—it assist the learner in the achievement of educational objectives in about one third the time required by traditional methods. • gives opportunity for slow learners to repeat lessons as many times as necessary. • Limitations/Disadvantages: • labor intensive if self composed • not a widespread skills among nurse educator • requires self-motivation—may not be effective for learners who require human interaction to learn best. • expensive

Distance learning • a telecommunication approach to instruction using video technology to transmit live or taped messages directly from the instructor to the viewer. Teleconferencing allows for video and audio information to be sent via satellite or ground telephone line from one place to another.

Advantages & Disadvantages • Advantages: • deliver information to a wide variety of people located at great distance from each other. • transmit information without the cost and time in traveling to meet face to face with the expert delivering the instruction. • inexpensive • Limitations/Disadvantages: • teacher and learner are physically removed from each other. • it can become a lecture type, one way interaction session if no telephone hookup is available for interactive question and answer.

Selection of instructional method: • The process of selecting an instructional method requires a prior determination of the behavioral objectives to be accomplished and an assessment of the learners who will involved in achieving the objectives. • Consider the following criteria: • available resources (time, money, space, materials to be used for learning) • audience/learner • the content to be taught • the teacher • the ideal method for any given situation is the one that best suits the learner's needs, not the teacher own but teachers are likely to focus on a particular method because it is the one they feel most comfortable using without considering all the criteria for selection.

Evaluation of Instructional Methods • Does the method help the learners to achieve the stated objectives? • Is the learning activity accessible to the learners you have targeted? • Is the method efficient given the time, energy, and resources available in relation to the number of learners you are trying to reach? • To what extent does the method allow for active participation to accommodate the needs, abilities and style of the learner? • Evaluate how active learners want to be or are able to be in the process of gaining knowledge and skills. Active participation is a way to increase interest in learning and in retention of information. • Is the method cost-effective? • It is vital to examine the cost of educational programs to determine if similar outcomes can be achieved by using less costly methodologies.

Techniques to enhance effectiveness of teaching: • Present information enthusiastically—try to vary the quality and pitch of voice, use a variety of gestures, and facial expressions, change position if necessary to make direct and frequent eye contact with everyone in the group, and demonstrate interest in the topic to attract and fascinate an audience. • Include humor—many creative teachers use humor as a technique to grab, arouse, and maintain the attention of the learner. • Deliver material dramatically—engage the learner emotionally by using surprise, controlled tension or ploys. • Use method that match the topic rather than the teacher's personality—use a teaching style appropriate for the subject matter, setting and the various styles of learners.

Techniques to enhance effectiveness of teaching: • Choose problem solving activities—the teacher will need to orchestrate opportunities that challenge learners to critically analyze situation as well as support the learner in exploring possible alternative solutions. • Serve as a role model—role modeling is an effective way to facilitate learner. Teachers are seen as a credible role models when they are actively engaged in scholarly activities, experienced in the field, and have advanced credential to teach a complex skills. • Use anecdotes and examples—these are valuable in clarifying a topic under discussion, or helping someone better relate to an issue. Simple representation can assist the learner grasp complex idea. • Use technology—this will broaden and add variety to the opportunities of teaching and learning. Technology has the potential for making the teaching-learning process more convenient, accessible and stimulating.

Techniques to enhance effectiveness of teaching: • Give positive reinforcement—acknowledge ideas, actions, and opinions of learners by using words of praise or approval, such as "that's a good answer", "I agree with you", and "you have a very good point" or using a nonverbal expressions of acceptancesuch as smiling or nodding, will encourage learners to participate more readily or try harder to improve their performance. • Project an attitude of acceptance and sensitivity—exercise patience and sensitivity with respect to race, culture, and gender, this projects an acceptance of others, which servers to establish a rapport and opens up the avenues of communication for the sharing of ideas and concerns. The ease with which the teacher conduct themselves, the willingness to receive and answer questions, the simple courtesies extended, and the responsiveness demonstrated toward an audience set the tone for friendly, warm, and receptive atmosphere for learning. • Be organized and give direction—teachings do not happen by accident. They are the result of hours of skilled preparation, careful planning, and organization, which allow the learner to stay focused on the objectives. Instructional session should be relatively brief so as not to overload the learner with too much detail and extraneous content. • Elicit and give feedback—a strategy to give information to the learner as well as to receive information from the learner. Both the teacher and the learner need to seek information about the quality of their performance. To get feedback the; • Use questions—it helps to clarify or substantiate concepts, assess what the learner already knows about the topic, stimulate interest in a new subject, or evaluate the learner in mastery of the predetermined objectives.

Techniques to enhance effectiveness of teaching: • Use repetition and pacing—a technique that strengthens learning. Repetition reinforces learning by aiding in the retention of information, it assist the learner in focusing on important points. The technique is especially important when presenting difficult material. • Summarize important point—summarizing review key ideas to instill information in the mind and help the learner to see the parts of a whole and also reinforces retention of information.

Any Questions..? Know Your Teaching Methods Thank You

Dr. Mahmoud AlHussami