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PERANG DINGIN Amerika Serikat vs Uni Soviet

Isu Penting di Eropa Pasca PD II. Problem PolitikKetakutan Eropa pasca PD II Isu ttg Jerman yang dibawa oleh Uni Soviet (sekutu Barat ketika melawan Nazi) Pembentukan Kominform sbg koalisi partai komunis duniaPengambilalihan Praha (25 Feb 1948) ? dominasi komunis di Cekoslowakia. Isu Penting di Eropa Pasca PD II.

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PERANG DINGIN Amerika Serikat vs Uni Soviet

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    1. PERANG DINGIN Amerika Serikat vs Uni Soviet Dan Dampaknya di Eropa Oleh Ari Anggari Harapan Bernadetta S. Utami

    3. Isu Penting di Eropa Pasca PD II Blokade Berlin (Juni 1948) Bom atom pertama Uni Soviet diledakkan (Sept 1949) Suhu politik memanas Menjadi ancaman bagi demokrasi di Barat.

    5. Berlin pasca PD II

    6. Isu Penting di Eropa Pasca PD II Problem ekonomi: Pembangunan kembali ekonomi pascaperang Masalah produksi baja : permintaan menurun,harga jatuh, kecenderungan membentuk kartel.

    7. Kegagalan the Potsdam Protocol Sekutu (Inggris, AS, Uni Soviet, Prancis) gagal mencapai kesepakatan bersama tentang pembangunan ekonomi Jerman AS mengusulkan (dalam Morgenthau Plan) penghapusan industri berat Jerman dan mengubah Jerman menjadi negara pertanian

    8. Konferensi Potsdam Konferensi Potsdam setuju menyerahkan sebagian Prussia Timur kepada Uni Soviet dan batas barat Polandia Isu lain: keikutsertaan Uni Soviet dalam perang melawan Jepang

    9. Akhir Perang di Timur Jauh, Awal Perang Dingin 8 Agustus 1945 Uni Soviet menyatakan perang thdp Jepang 10 Agustus 1945 AS menjatuhkan bom atom di Jepang yang mengakhiri perang di Timur Jauh tanpa intervensi Soviet Soviet terpicu untuk membangun reaktor nuklirnya sendiri Situasi ini mengawali perang dingin diplomasi antara dua negara bekas sekutu tsb

    10. Perang Dingin AS-Uni Soviet AS : kebebasan hanya dapat dicapai melalui sistem pemerintahan yang demokratis merangkul negara-negara lain dengan melakukan perdagangan, membantu mereka untuk ‘berdiri di atas kaki sendiri’ dan memberi bantuan kepada mereka.

    11. Truman Doctrine address to US Congress, 12 March 1947 At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life… One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and it is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression

    12. Truman Doctrine address to US Congress, 12 March 1947 The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forciby imposed upon majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms.

    13. Truman Doctrine address to US Congress, 12 March 1947 I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attemped subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms…

    14. Marshall Plan Marshall Plan sebagai bentuk bantuan AS untuk rehabilitasi Eropa. Besarnya 13 milyar dollar AS. “Ini bukan untuk melawan suatu Negara atau doktrin tertentu, melainkan untuk memerangi kelaparan, kemiskinan, keputusasaan, dan kekacauan.” (Pidato Menlu AS George Marshall, 5 Juni 1947). Pembentukan badan pengatur dana Marshall Plan dengan anggota: Aust, Bld, Belg, Luks, Den, Pra, Jerbar, Yun, Islnd, Irl, Ita, Nor, Port, Spa, Swe, Swiss, Turk, Ingg.

    15. The Marshall Plan, speech at Harvard University, 5 June 1947 It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not againts any country or doctrine but againts hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist…

    16. The Marshall Plan, speech at Harvard University, 5 June 1947 ... It is already evident that, before the United States Government can proceed much further in its efforts to alleviate the situation and help start the European world on its way to recovery, there must be some agreement among countries of Europe as to the requirements of the situation and the part those countries themselves will take in order to give proper effect to whatever action might be undertaken by this Government.

    17. The Marshall Plan, speech at Harvard University, 5 June 1947 ... It would be neither fitting nor efficacious for this Government to undertake to draw up uniterally a program designed to place Europe on its feet economically. This is the bussines of the Europeans. The initiative, I think, must come from Europe. The role of this country should consist of friendly aid in the drafting of a European program and of later support of such a program so far as it may be practical for us to do so. The program should be a joint one, agreed number, if not all, European nations.

    18. AS NATO (1949), bersama Pra, Ingg, Benelux, Can, Den, Islnd, Ita, Nor, Port. Dana untuk bidang militer: 14,5 milyar dollar AS. Jumlah personil militer: 1,38 juta org. (bdk: Pra 1,4 milyar dollar AS, 590.000 personil; Ingg 2,3 milyar, 680.000 personil; Ita 0,5 milyar, 230.000 personil.)

    19. Uni Soviet Berambisi untuk mengobarkan api revolusi komunis di sebanyak-banyaknya negara menggunakan kekuatan militer menggunakan kamuflase penggunaan tahapan2 agar rakyat melihat komunis bukan sebagai musuh melainkan “sekutu” penggunaan perencanaan (merebut posisi-posisi penting dalam kabinet)

    20. UNI SOVIET Pembentukan pemerintahan koalisi pro-komunis di Polandia, Hungaria, Rumania, Bulgaria, dan Albania. Pembentukan Cominform, berpusat di Beograd, bertugas mengkoordinir kegiatan partai komunis di seluruh Eropa.

    21. UNI SOVIET Blokade Berlin (1948) Comecom (1949), menciptakan hubungan perdagangan blok dengan negara-negara satelit Pakta Warsawa (1955) Dana militer : 15,5 milyar dollar AS (> dana militer AS) dan 4,3 juta personil.

    22. The Soviet view of the Marshall Plan: Andrei Vyshinsky (Deputy Foreign Minister), addres to United Nations, 18 September 1947. The Marshall Plan is particularly glaring example of the manner in which the principles of the United Nations are violated, of the way in which the Organization is ignored. As the experience of the past few months has shown, the proclamation of this doctrine meant that the United States Government has moved toward a direct renunciation of the priciples of international collaboration and concerted action by the great Powers and towards attempts to impose its will on other independent states, while at the same time obviously using the economic resources distributed as relief to individual needy nations as an instrument of political pressure.

    23. The Soviet view of the Marshall Plan: Andrei Vyshinsky (Deputy Foreign Minister), addres to United Nations, 18 September 1947. This is clearly proved by measures taken by the United States Government with regard to Greece and Turkey which ignore and bypass the United Nations as well as by the measures proposed under the so-called Marshall Plan in Europe. This policy conflicts sharply with theprinciples expressed by the General Assembly in its resolutions of 11 December 1946, which declares that relief supplies to other countries ‘should … at no time be used as political weapon’.

    24. SKENARIO SOVIET

    25. Ancaman bagi Eropa Besarnya pengaruh politik dan ekonomi AS di Eropa Barat dan Uni Soviet di Eropa Timur mengakibatkan posisi negara-negara Eropa sebagai ‘satelit’ Meski bantuan AS menolong Eropa, kekhawatiran muncul karena Eropa ikut terancam oleh Uni Soviet Eropa terjepit diantara kedua kutub kekuasaan

    26. Propaganda melalui media massa

    27. Propaganda melalui media massa

    28. DISKUSI Bagaimana propaganda yang dilakukan oleh AS melalui Marshall Plan? Ideologi apa yang hendak ditanamkan oleh AS di Eropa selama Perang Dingin? Mengapa Uni Soviet menentang keras Marshall Plan? Ideologi apa yang hendak ditanamkan Uni Soviet di Eropa selama Perang Dingin?

    29. Jeu de rôle / permainan peran Tokoh: - Kubu AS - Kubu Uni Soviet - (DK) PBB Tempat: - Markas PBB NY Lakon: Penyelesaian Konflik AS – Soviet berkaitan dengan intervensi kedua negara di Eropa. Masing-masing kubu berusaha meyakinkan PBB bahwa aksi mereka di Eropa masih wajar dan tidak mengganggu stabilitas politik & ekonomi. * Baca: PIAGAM PBB

    30. AS Marshall Plan diberikan bukan untuk menyogok bangsa eropa untuk memihak ke AS, Hal ini murni untuk membantu memulihkan keadaan di eropa pasca PD II Keadaan pasca PD II berpengaruh pada aktivitas PBB dimana sebagian besar anggotanya berasal dari Eropa yang sedang sibuk dengan pemulihan negaranya, oleh sebab itu Amerika sebagai negara yang mempunyai ekonomi lebih bersedia membantu sec langsung Ada pernyataan yang menyatakan bahwa anggota PBB boleh membantu negara yang lain dengan atau tanpa melalui PBB Saat Uni Soviet membantu negara Eropa Timur, kami tidak mencampurinya. Namun penolakan Uni Soviet atas bantuan kami untuk negara Eropa tidak berdasar. Perbedaan ideologi yang dianut oleh Eropa timur membuat bantuan kami sulit untuk mereka terima

    31. Uni Soviet PBB sebagai organisasi bangsa-bangsa di dunia ada untuk membantu negara yang membutuhkan. Amerika tidak seharusnya mengambil andil terlalu jauh untuk masalah ini Bantuan kami ke daerah tsb (Yunani, dll) merupakan reaksi atas bantuan Amerika ke negara Eropa barat yang terlihat timpang dibandingkan dengan bantuannya ke negara Eropa bag timur Jika perbedaan ideologi menjadi alasan tidak berjalannya bantuan Amerika di Eropa timur, artinya bantuan tersebut mempunyai maksud tertentu. Selain itu hal ini dipertegas dengan pernyataan amerika yang memaparkan bahwa mereka berhak membantu negara yang mereka inginkan Jika bantuan dari Amerika di berikan melalui PBB maka ketimpangan bantuan tidak akan ada, apakah itu disebabkan oleh perbedaan ideologi, dsb

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