Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 The Expansion of Education New Forms of Entertainment The World of Jim Crow The Changing Roles of Women

2. The Growth of Public Schools • School once was for the few who could afford to pay private tutors • Public schools gradually became more common in the late 1800’s * Rural Areas would hire a teacher * Urban areas would teach immigrants • America was beginning to realize to be a well running democracy, our populace needed to be able to read and write • By the Civil War (1860) about ½ white children attended school, but few (2%) graduated. They needed to help out the family • Most attended for a few years, to learn to read, write and ‘cipher’ • Pressure on governments to offer schools increase, as did pressure to pass laws against child labor • By 1910, 72% attended schools, with 8.6% graduating

3. School Days • In early 1900’s, about ½ students attended one-room schoolhouses • Most teaching done by “rote” memorization – 3R’s • Only older students learned history, geography, and grammar • Discipline was often harsh • Immigrants placed a high value on education because their children would be learning to be more “American” • Literacy huge for children of immigrants to fit in • Adults often went to classes in english & civics • ASSIMILATION : process of people of one culture become part of another culture • Public schools taught immigrants about the American culture (thrift, patriotism, baseball, et c) • Some resisted assimilation, held to their original culture. Tried to teach their children their culture • Often “Americans” learned things from other cultures as well

4. Uneven Support for Schools • White and Black students treated differently • White and Black students attended different schools (segregation) • Schools for black students received far less money • Mexican American children were also treated unfairly • Few Native American attended school, those who did were taught to be more like white people (speech, dress, etc)

5. Higher Education Expands • Many colleges open in this era to train people for jobs that required higher skills • Wealthy Americans endowed institutions • College enrollment will double in 30 years (usually wealthy or middle class men • Scholarships for those with special gifts • Women in Higher Education • A few colleges will open for women rather than allow women to attend with men • A few coeducational institutions will open (often faced prejudice) • Few scholarships available, harder to get to college • Fewer jobs once college completed • African Americans in Higher Education • Despite discrimination/segregation, African Americans wanted to go to college • Few accepted blacks, so black colleges began to open • These allowed African Americans to become doctors, lawyers, engineers, etc • Like women, often had difficulty finding jobs when they graduated

6. 2 Perspectives on African American Education • Booker T. Washington • Founded Tuskeegee Institute, a college for African Americans • Taught skills and attitudes he believed African Americans needed to succeed in the white world • Urged then to put aside their drive for equality for the time and work to gain economic independence – equality would follow • W.E.B. DuBois - first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard • Rejected Washington’s philosophy • Urged the brightest African Americans to step forward and demand equality • Urged the brightest to develop “education beyond sympathy” • Pushed them to be proud of the heritage (not see themselves as white saw them) • 1905 – DuBois helped found the Niagara Movement - a group of African Americans that called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination • Became first director of the NAACP and worked the rest of his life fighting for equality and an end to segregation

7. New Forms of Entertainment • Vaudeville & Minstrel Shows

8. New Forms of Entertainment • Movies

9. New Forms of Entertainment • The Circus • Amusement Parks

10. New Forms of Entertainment • Sports

11. What People were ReadingNow that they could read • Newspapers – always a source of news, now a source of entertainment • Sports, Comics, Scandal, pictures used to sell copies • Yellow Journalism – reported scandal, vice, anything to sell a newspaper • Usually exaggerated, often outright lies • Joseph Pulitzer – used his papers to expose evils in the world from his point of view. Often exaggerated, half-truths used to sell • Randolph Hearst – used yellow journalism to sell copies • Critics said yellow journalism intruded into peoples’ lives and, at best, distorted the truth, without regard to damages caused • Magazines – written to fit individual interests • Lady’s Home Journal, Hunting, etc • Often used to tell stories (rags to riches, crime, etc) • Popular Fiction – “dime novels” • Inexpensive books sold to masses – some serious, some not so much • Huck Finn (Mark Twain), The Jungle(Upton Sinclair) • Stories of explorers out west, cross the world • Romances

12. Musical Diversions • The Negro Spirituals • Ragtime and Jazz • Music at Home

13. Ch 9 Test Essays – pick 2 of 3 • How did Plessey v. Ferguson contribute/help in denying equal rights for African Americans? • Compare/Contrast the ideas/philosophies of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. • What methods did women use to gain a stronger voice in social and political affairs during the Gilded Age?