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The Founding of Canada: French Patterns and Struggles

Explore the establishment of French Canada, from initial setbacks to eventual success. Follow the journey of explorers like Jacques Cartier and the legacy of Samuel Champlain. Learn about French encounters with Indigenous peoples and the challenges faced during the Wars of Religion.

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The Founding of Canada: French Patterns and Struggles

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  1. The Establishment of (French) Canada

  2. Four themes • French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] • Long series of false starts • Persistence of Samuel Champlain • France’s successful encounter with Indians: tolerance

  3. New mercenary armies Swiss mercenary, 1507 and 2007

  4. New pikes and gunpowder weapons Swiss mercenary, 1507

  5. France’s Atlantic Port Cities • Highly independent, and well-armed • No government navy • Normandy: Dieppe, Saint-Malo, Honfleur, Rouen

  6. Rouen

  7. La Rochelle

  8. La Rochelle

  9. Saint Malo

  10. Saint Malo

  11. Dieppe

  12. Three sets of false starts • Canada, 1534-42 • Brazil, 1555-57 • Florida 1562-65 • Then, success in 1630s

  13. Jacques Cartier 1491-1557 • Experienced seaman • May have accompanied Verrazzano As imagined in the 1800s

  14. Saint Malo

  15. Cartier: Mistakes in 1534? • Came to reconnoiter the Saint Lawrence • Encountered 200 Iroquois fishing for mackerel • Kidnapped several and took them to France

  16. Cartier Mistakes in 1535 • Sailed up river to “Hochelaga” the future site of Quebec; • Spent the winter, suffered scurvy, (Indians showed him how to cure it) • Kidnapped more Indians, including their leader Donaconna and sons

  17. Hochelaga

  18. Cartier: mistakes in 1542 • Noble Roberval and 500 colonists • Failed “gold” • Kidnapped 10 Iroquois • Cartier and Roberval returned, leaving settlers

  19. Map of Cartier’s findings, 1543

  20. 1547

  21. 1565

  22. 1562

  23. Gaspar Coligny (1519-1572) : Admiral of France • France’s most powerful Protestant • Encouraging (failed) Huguenot colonies

  24. Brazil: “France Antartique” • “Fort Coligny” • 1555-1560 • Island in the bay • 600 soldiers and colonists • Driven out by Portuguese

  25. 1562: Jean Ribault and Fort Caroline (Florida) • Religious Wars • Huguenots only • Ran out of food • Mutiny • Some built a boat to sail home

  26. 1564: 2nd attempt • Ribault and Rene Laudonnière • 10 months of food • Crops failed • Decided to attack Spanish at Cuba • Spanish retaliated by killing all members of the colony

  27. Saint Augustine, Florida

  28. Samuel Champlain (1575-1635) • Illegitimate son of Henri IV? • Born into a Huguenot family • Veteran of Wars of Religion • Artist • First scientific cartographer in the Americas • Spy in Spanish America

  29. French Wars of Religion (1562-98) • Deeply traumatic • Partly, noble effort to escape royal power

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