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BIOMOLECULES

BIOMOLECULES. The chemicals of life. TERMINOLOGY. MONOMER A single or simple piece EX: glucose POLYMER Many pieces put together EX: starch. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS. Putting monomers together to form polymers using chemical bonds. Involves the loss of a water molecule.

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BIOMOLECULES

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  1. BIOMOLECULES The chemicals of life

  2. TERMINOLOGY • MONOMER • A single or simple piece • EX: glucose • POLYMER • Many pieces put together • EX: starch

  3. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS • Putting monomers together to form polymers using chemical bonds. • Involves the loss of a water molecule. • Dehydration = loss of water • Synthesis = put together

  4. HYDROLYSIS • Breaking apart polymers by adding a water molecule. • Hydro = water • Lysis = split

  5. CARBOHYDRATES • Sugars and starches • “saccharides” • Three types: • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

  6. MONOSACCHARIDES • Mono = single • Saccharide = sugar • GLUCOSE • Base unit for starch, cellulose and glycogen • C6H12O6 • Blood sugar

  7. MONOSACCHARIDES • GALACTOSE • Sugar found in milk • FRUCTOSE • Sugar found in honey

  8. DISACCHARIDES • Double sugar • Two monosaccharides bonded together • C12H22O11 sucrose

  9. DISACCHARIDES • SUCROSE • Glucose + Fructose • Table sugar • LACTOSE • Glucose + Galactose • Milk sugar • MALTOSE • Glucose + glucose • Sugar in beer

  10. POLYSACCHARIDES • Poly = many • Many simple sugars chemically bonded together • STARCH • Long strands of glucose • Storage molecule for plants • EX: Potatoes

  11. POLYSACCHARIDES • GLYCOGEN • Strands of glucose • Shorter than starch • Storage molecule for animals • CELLULOSE • Long strands of glucose • Found in wood, paper and cotton • Found in the cell walls of plants

  12. POLYSACCHARIDES

  13. PROTEINS • Long strands of amino acids • Approximately 20 different amino acids • Amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis (water loss) to form peptide bonds • POLYPEPTIDE = chain of amino acids = protein • PROTEIN = many polypeptides

  14. LIPIDS • Fats • Hydrophobic • Fats and oils are composed of two kinds of molecules • Glycerol • Fatty acids • 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids = Triglyceride

  15. LIPIDS • SATURATED FATS • From animal sources • All single bonds in tail • Solid at room temperature • UNSATURATED FATS • Oils • From vegetable or plant sources • Carbon double-bonded in tail, kinked • Fewer H in tail • Liquid at room temperature

  16. NUCLEIC ACIDS • DNA • Genetic material of organism • “Blueprint” • Found in cell nuclei • RNA • Functions in protein production DNA

  17. NUCLEIC ACIDS • MONOMER = nucleotides • Nucleotide = phosphate + 5-carbon sugar + nitrogen base • DNA 5-carbon sugar = deoxyribose • RNA 5-carbon sugar = ribose

  18. METABOLISM • The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism • CATABOLISM • Breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones. • ANABOLISM • Building more complex molecules from smaller.

  19. ENZYMES • Usually end with –ase • Protein • Lock and key mechanism • Each enzyme fits with a specific substrate • Name usually corresponds with molecule that it breaks apart.

  20. SPECIFIC ENZYMES • SALIVARY AMYLASE • In saliva • Breaks down starch chemically in the mouth • PROTEASE • Breaks down protein in the stomach • SUCRASE • Breaks down sucrose • LIPASE • Breaks down fat in the small intestine

  21. EMULSIFICATION • Break down of larger fat molecules into smaller particles. • EX: Dish soap emulsifies fats

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