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Answers By: Sadeg M. Faris & Tsepin Tsai eVionyx Inc., Hawthorne New York 2-27-08

Is Zinc The Answer to Our Energy Independence? Can Zinc Replace Polluting Fossil Fuels For Transportation, Power Generation, Mining & Other Industries?. Answers By: Sadeg M. Faris & Tsepin Tsai eVionyx Inc., Hawthorne New York 2-27-08. Harvesting Food Cycle. Harvesting Fuel Cycle. Fuel.

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Answers By: Sadeg M. Faris & Tsepin Tsai eVionyx Inc., Hawthorne New York 2-27-08

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  1. Is Zinc The Answer to Our Energy Independence?Can Zinc Replace Polluting Fossil Fuels For Transportation, Power Generation, Mining & Other Industries? Answers By:Sadeg M. Faris & Tsepin TsaieVionyx Inc., Hawthorne New York2-27-08

  2. Harvesting Food Cycle Harvesting Fuel Cycle Fuel reducer reducer oxidizer oxidizer

  3. Is Zinc The Answer to Our Energy Independence? • Non-Flammable Zinc Fuel Energy, Beats Proposed Alternatives such as Hydrogen. Biofuels, Lithium batteries • NiZn battery and Zinc Fuel Hybrid is the Anwer is driver of the Zinc Economy • Already proven in an all electric hybrid vehicle establishing Guinness Record • Combing Zinc Fuel Cell Energy with NiZ Battery for high power Nickel Zinc Batteries Zinc Air Fuel Cells The Proven Hybrid Solution Hybrid Controller

  4. We Are Inviting Partners To Champion The Zinc Economy To Sponsor the Promotional Electric Bus Project To Invest in two enabling technologies eVionyx, Inc. : Pioneering in Metal-Air Fuel Cell technology Xellerion, Inc. : Pioneering in NiZn Battery Technology Experimental Demonstration of Metal Fuel Harvesting Cycle Recharged Fuel Zinc Harvesting Zinc fuel reducer Power out For consumption Farming Energy In from Sun oxidizer Charging Station Metal Fuel Cell Zinc oxide Recycling Consumed Fuel Zinc Hydroxide and ZnO Electric Mobility Victory Bus • Range 375 miles • 10,000 mile Endurance • Refuelable with non-flammable Zinc Fuel • Hybrid with NiZn Battery

  5. EMVictory Bus An Epic > 10,000 Mile Journey Demonstrating The Viability Of Renewable Non-Flammable Zinc Fuel

  6. A Case For The Zinc Economy • Energy Historical Perspective • Mobility Historical Perspective • Alternative Energy Sources • Zinc Based Technologies • eVionyx Catalyst for Zinc Economy? • The EMVictory Bus Project • Why 10,000 Miles? • Technology Details

  7. Mining & Metal Industry History of Innovations • Steam Engine As Pumps for Mines • Steam Engines For Industrial Revolution • Mining Tools for Oil Discovery • Nuclear Fuels

  8. Fuels During Second Industrial Revolution, Edison’s • Food • Coal/Steam/electric • Hydro-electric All these have solar origin

  9. Fuels for 20th Century • Food • Coal/Steam/electric • Hydro-electric • Petroleum: gasoline, diesel, kerosene, gas • Nuclear All these have solar origin

  10. Fuels for 21th Century? • Food • Solar PV • Wind • Hydro • Coal/Steam/electric • Petroleum • Nuclear Hydrogen. Ethanol, Methanol Fusion, Biomass Many uncertainties

  11. Fuels for 21th Century? Instead of Gatherers of Fuel We Have to Farm It and Harvest It Energy from the Sun Farming Harvesting Food Fuel Metal Fuel

  12. Carbon-Less Energy for 21th Century? Nuclear, Direct Solar, Wind, Hydro Grid For Grid-less Mobile Applications . What Choices Do We Have?

  13. 1995 2000 2005 2010 Zinc Lithium ethanol Hydrogen H2 Economy Biomass Economy Lithium Economy Zinc Economy

  14. 1995 2000 2005 2010 Zinc Lithium ethanol Hydrogen H2 Economy Biomass Economy Lithium Economy Zinc Economy

  15. 1995 2000 2005 2010 Zinc Lithium ethanol Hydrogen H2 Economy Biomass Economy Lithium Economy Zinc Economy

  16. 1995 2000 2005 2010 Zinc Lithium ethanol Hydrogen H2 Economy Biomass Economy Lithium Economy Zinc Economy

  17. 1995 2000 2005 2010 Zinc Lithium ethanol Hydrogen H2 Economy Biomass Economy Lithium Economy Zinc Economy

  18. 1995 2000 2005 2010 Zinc Lithium ethanol H2 Economy Biomass Economy Lithium Economy Zinc Economy

  19. 1995 2000 2005 2010 Zinc Lithium H2 Economy Biomass Economy Lithium Economy Zinc Economy

  20. Mobility Means AutonomyConsumers are accustomed to ~300 mile range.Refueling in < 5 minutesThis Is Why Case For Zinc Can Easily Be Made

  21. Why Zinc?Typical Modern Small Car Needs 150 Wh/Mile300 Mile range requires 45KWhAt ~$500-$1000/KWh for Lithium. The Cost is prohibitive and may not fit in the car

  22. Why Zinc?On the other hand Zinc Fuel Cell> 300 Wh/Kg> 500 Wh/LEasly fit in cars and buses at ~ 1/3 the cost.

  23. In Addition, Refuelability and Rechargeability Makes the Zinc EconomyViable

  24. 1995 2000 2005 2010 Zinc H2 Economy Biomass Economy Lithium Economy Zinc Economy

  25. Why Nickel Zinc Battery ?> 60 Wh/Kg & > 100 Wh/LNo cooling requiredHigh Current DensityMaterial ReusableLowest Cost per Mile

  26. Why Nickel Zinc Battery ?By Itself May Beat Other BatteriesBut The Combination with Zinc Fuel, Is Unbeatable

  27. >1000 WHr/Kg Closed System Rech NiZn Battery Pitch 1 Open System Generator RefRec Metal Fuel Cell E1 Energy Density Rech NiZn Battery Pitch 2 E2 Rech NiZn Battery Pitch 3 E3 Pg P1 P2 P3 >1000 W/Kg Power Density Electrochemical Power Cells Open Systems Hybrid Systems Closed Systems Power Plant Hierarchy

  28. Nickel Zinc Rechargeable Batteries Hybrid Controller Zinc Air Fuel Cells Zinc Air Fuel Cell Stacks: 10 kW/300AH

  29. Experimental Demonstration of Metal Fuel Harvesting Cycle Recharged Fuel Zinc Harvesting Zinc fuel reducer Power out For consumption Farming Energy In from Sun oxidizer Charging Station Metal Fuel Cell Zinc oxide Recycling Consumed Fuel Zinc Hydroxide and ZnO

  30. Metal Fuel Technology DemonstrationExceeded 100 Oxidation-ReductionCycle In A Single Cell

  31. Metal Fuel Technology DemonstrationExceeded 100 Oxidation-ReductionCycle In A 12 V Module

  32. Why Invest in eVionyx’ Zinc Technology ? Mr. Zinc • Zinc replaces carbon • Achieve Energy Sovereignty. • Zinc Power for Mining & Metal Industries • Carbon-less Economy • Transportation Fuel • Expand Zinc market to billions of tons • Zinc Industry becomes Energy Industry eVionyx

  33. Key eVionyx Enabling Technologies Air Diffusion Electrode Hydroxide Conducting Membrane Metal-Air Fuel Cell NiZn Battery All Electric Hybrid Approach

  34. eVictory Car Successfully Demonstrated Metal Fuel Cells for Electric Mobility Time: Oct. 2, 2000 / Location: USA Distance Record: 334 KM System: Zn-Air (refuelable) Vehicle: Modified Honda Insight

  35. MeVictory Car Successfully Extended the range To another Guiness Record Time: Oct. 11, 2003 / Location: Malaysia Distance Record: 524 KM System: Zn-Air (refuelable) / NiZn hybrid Vehicle: Modified Honda Insight

  36. Zinc Fuel Cell In The Back

  37. Nickel Zinc Battery In The Front

  38. Historical Milestones of Human Mobility Muscle Power 18th Century Watt’s Steam Engine Steam Automobile 1885 Bicycle Drake’s first Oil Well 1896 Gasoline Automobile 19th Century 1908 Ford Company 1907 Peking to Paris Race 1908 First Model T Launch of Gasoline Mobility 1960 OPEC Formation 1973 Arab Oil Embargo 1980-2006 Wars In Oil Regions 20th Century eVionyx Contributions 2000 Metal Fuel eVictory 2003 Metal Fuel MeVictory EMV August 2008 EMVictory The Dawn Of New Era For Human MobilityNon-Flammable Metal Fuel For Electric Mobility 21st Century The Road Ahead

  39. Electric Mobility Victory (EMVictory) Bus Proposal The success of eVictory and MeVictory Cars in demonstrating >500km range is the driving force toPlan the next milestone for Electric MobilityTriumph of Grid-less Mobility on the 100 year Anniversary of the Peking to Paris Race

  40. Project Summary • eVionyx proposes to use its all-electric hybrid system (Zn-Air fuel cell and NiZn battery) to apply electric bus to demonstrate a driving distance of more than 600 km between refueling. • The energy source is eVionyx’s Zn-Air refuelable Metal-Air Fuel Cell • The power booster is Xellerion’s NiZn high performance battery.

  41. Technical Specifications of EMVictory • Estimated Electric Bus Parameters • Voltage: 312V • Peak Power: 100 kW • Constant Power: 45 kW @60 km/hr To Achieve 600 km, • Running time: 10 hours • Energy required: 450 kWh

  42. Preliminary Project Timeline • First EMVictory Bus Project Organizational Meeting { October x}. • EMVictory Plan & Budget Ready • EMVictory Plan &Budget Approved • EVionyx Canada (EVC) Incorporated and launched • EVC Energy Lab Established • EMVictory Project Execution Begins • EMVictory Design Ready • Demonstrate Metal Fuel Cell Module Design • EMVictory Bus Trial Run Winnipeg to Toronto June 15 • Begin EMVictory Bus Epic Journey August from Winnipeg • Return Triumphantly to Winnipeg after >10,000 Mile

  43. eVionyx’s Unique All Electric Hybrid Approach

  44. All Electric Hybrid Vehicle Hybrid Controller NiZn Booster Zinc Fuel Cell

  45. Nickel Zinc Rechargeable Batteries Hybrid Controller Zinc Air Fuel Cells Zinc Air Fuel Cell Stacks: 10 kW/300AH

  46. All-Electric Hybrid

  47. Refuelable Metal-Air Fuel Cell e- e- OH- Cathode AIR OH- OH- Metal Fuel Fuel Cell Zinc Anode Separator

  48. NiZn Battery Pack • Xellerion NiZn Battery Pack • High power capacity • Safe • Environmentally friendly • Low cost 12V/50AH NiZn Pack

  49. 375 Mile Electric Bus Design Parameters

  50. All Electric Hybrid System Diagram Motor Motor Controller Zn-Air Fuel Cell –Sub-system 1 NiZn Booster Zn-Air Fuel Cell –Sub-system 2 All-Electric Hybrid Controller Zn-Air Fuel Cell –Sub-system 3 Zn-Air Fuel Cell –Sub-system 4

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