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Luc Ampleman Uniwersytet Jagielloński

G EOPOLITICAL CONTROL O F MOBILITY & ARCTIC TRANSPORTATION: WHY LOCAL IS THE NEW GLOBAL?. Luc Ampleman Uniwersytet Jagielloński ARKTYKA Z PERSPEKTYWY PIERWSZEJ DEKADY XXI WIEKU MIĘDZY RYWALIZACJĄ I WSPÓŁPRACĄ WROCŁAW 23-24.11.2012. TRANSPORT IN THE ARCTIC. HOW I SEE IT. VS.

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Luc Ampleman Uniwersytet Jagielloński

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  1. GEOPOLITICAL CONTROL OF MOBILITY & ARCTIC TRANSPORTATION: WHY LOCAL IS THE NEW GLOBAL? Luc Ampleman Uniwersytet Jagielloński ARKTYKA Z PERSPEKTYWY PIERWSZEJ DEKADY XXI WIEKU MIĘDZY RYWALIZACJĄ I WSPÓŁPRACĄ WROCŁAW 23-24.11.2012.

  2. TRANSPORT IN THE ARCTIC HOW I SEE IT VS. HOW MY FRIENDS SEE IT Sources: Photo 1: Layne Kennedy/Corbis, www.britannica.com/ ; Photo 2: Transport Québec: www.mtq.qc.ca.

  3. TRANSPORT ISSUES HOW I SEE IT VS. HOW MY COLLEAGUES TRANSPORT PLANNERS SEE IT Source: BEAC Sources: Photo 1: MSoffice/cliparts; Photo 2: Thomas Nilsen, www.barentsinfo.org.

  4. ARCTIC TRANSPORT GEOPOLITICS HOW I SEE IT VS. HOW MY COLLEAGUES GEOPOLITICIANS SEE IT Sources: Photo 1: Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, www.mil.ru/. ; Photo 2: L. Ampleman 2005

  5. TRANSPORT & WELL-BEING Could be better! VS. This is how we like to travel! Sources: Photo 1 Ms Office ; Photo 2: Rankin Inlet's airport terminal: (NUNATSIAQ NEWS: www.nunatsiaqonline.ca

  6. COMPLEXITY OF ARCTIC TRANSPORTATION Don’t try this at home! VS. Classic car washing! Sources: Photo 1 ; Photo 2: Drive Steady: http://drivesteady.com/ice-road-truckers.

  7. THE OFT-OVERLOOKED ARCTIC TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORT STUDIES ARCTIC STUDIES ARCTIC GEOPOLITICS Sources: 1. MS.Office; 2. Norge Airship in Spitzbergen 1926 (http://www.regjeringen.no/) ; 3. Russia's NTV France 24: (www.defencetalk.com/).

  8. ARCTIC GEOPOLITICS-LINKING LOCAL & GLOBAL: HOW? Sources: 1. www.britannica.com/ ; 2. Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs (published in http://icelandreview.com/.

  9. STRUCTURAL & MORPHODYNAMIC GEOPOLITICS • S2[(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)] • S2 [(S1 ˄ O1 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O1 ˄ S3)] • S2[(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)] • S2 [(S1 ˄ O1 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O1 ˄ S3)] ˄ ˅ JOINED DISJOINED NOMADISM SEDENTARISM Source:

  10. STRUCTURAL & MORPHODYNAMIC GEOPOLITICS • S2[(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)] • S2[(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)] • S2 [(S1 ˄ O1 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O1 ˄ S3)] • S2[(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)] ˄ S2 = S1 S2 ≠ S1 ˄ ˅ MAINTAIN ACCESS QUIT NOMADISM SEDENTARISM JOINED DISJOINED Source:

  11. STRUCTURAL & MORPHODYNAMIC GEOPOLITICS • S2[(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)] • S2 [(S1 ˄ O2 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O2 ˄ S3)] • S2[(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)] • S2 [(S1 ˄ O2 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O2 ˄ S3)] • S2[(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)] • S2 [(S1 ˄ O2 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O2 ˄ S3)] S2 = S3 S2 ≠ S3 HEGEMONY CONNIVANCE Source:

  12. GEOPOLITICAL TRAJECTORIES POLARIZING The trajectory leads to a APPROPRIATION of O2 The trajectory leads to a ATTRIBUTION of O2 • S2[(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)] • S2 [(S1 ˄ O2 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O2 ˄ S3)] • S2[(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)] • S2 [(S1 ˄ O2 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O2 ˄ S3)] • S2[(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)] • S2 [(S1 ˄ O2 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O2 ˄ S3)] DIFFUSING S2 = S3 S2 ≠ S3 The trajectory leads to a RENUNCIATION of O2 The trajectory leads to a DISPOSSESSINGof O2 NOMADISM SEDENTARISM HEGEMONY CONNIVANCE Source:

  13. GEOPOLITICAL POSITIONS POLARIZING GATHERING CONCENTRATION DIFFUSING EVASION DISPERSION NOMADISM SEDENTARISM Source:

  14. TRANSPORT NETWORKS…IN THE HIGH NORTH MAINTAINED DEVELOPED ABANDONED Sources: 1 ; 2. http://www.mamut.ne/; 3.Tshiuetin Rail: www.tshiuetin.net/.

  15. CONCLUSION Physical mobility of people & goods depends on transport, but transport depends on political control of mobility & trajectories Political trajectories = structured and can be analyzed globally & locally: evolution / conflict/ cooperation patterns This work deserves to be undertaken in the High North -- Towards a real Arctic transport portrait ??? Geopolitics of Transport Structural & M-D Geopolitics Arctic Transport Diplomacy

  16. THANKS Luc Ampleman luc.ampleman@uj.edu.pl Source: Photo Credit:US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: http://gimp-savvy.com/

  17. APPENDICES Source: Photo Credit:US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: http://gimp-savvy.com/

  18. Kuujjuaq AN ARCTIC TRANSPORT STORY : ROCK- PAPER- FUEL! THE KUUJJUAQ CASE

  19. TRANSPORT NETWORKS…IN THE HIGH NORTH

  20. Geopolitical control of mobility & Arctic transportation: why local is the new global? s1 s2 s2 s1 Industrial districts / Wild Suburbs Sumptuary areas CITIES R C R/C Scattered village areas Select Districts R/E C/D E D E/D Working Countryside Ressort Fronts Urban Sprawl Source:

  21. Geopolitical control of mobility & Arctic transportation: why local is the new global? s1 s2 s2 s1 Sumptuary place Sumptuary place Large cities Large cities MiningTowns MiningTowns R C R/C Quartier select Quartier select Fishing village/ Army bases Fishing village/ Army bases R/E C/D E D E/D Exclusive Outfiters Exclusive Outfiters Traditional migration Trad. Herd./ gaz plants, drillingplatforms TouristicHoney Pot TouristicHoney Pot Source:

  22. RURAL TRANSPORT TYPOLOGY (GRAY, 2004)

  23. Legislation • Regulation • Financial allocation • Plan approval • Target setting • Inspection • Intervention • Guidance • White Papers • Ministerial policy statements & speeches • Advicefrom civil servant • Press release • Otherprocess of persuasion Tend to be based on authoritative directive TYPOLOGY OF POLICY INSTRUMENTS Tend to be based on influence

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