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Understanding Secondary Reinforcers and Punishers in Psychology

Explore secondary reinforcers and punishers in psychology, including how they are associated with primary stimuli, become secondary reinforcers, and impact behavior. Learn about classical conditioning, operant conditioning, contingency, and higher-order learning in reinforcement and punishment.

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Understanding Secondary Reinforcers and Punishers in Psychology

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  1. Secondary Reinforcers & Punishers Lecture 9

  2. Reinforcers & Punishers • Primary reinforcers & punishers • biologically important stimuli • food, water, sexual pleasure, pain & illness • Secondary reinforcers & punishers • money • praise • How do they become an SR? • Are associated with primary SR ~

  3. Secondary SRs • How do we know if something is an SR ? • Strengthen or weaken behavior that precedes it? • How does it become a secondary SR? • Classical conditioning • SD or SΔ that reliable predicts SR ~

  4. Secondary SRs are Predictive • 3 functions • As CS or SD/SΔ • CS elicits reflexive responses • With emotional component (CER) • CS as a consequence • *CS  CER • Modifies operant behavior • SD/SΔ sets occasion • For SR ~

  5. Pavlovian & Operant Conditioning • CS  CR • Consistently predicts US • SD consistently predicts SR • Becomes secondary SR • Higher order conditioning • CS & SD can act like US & SR ~

  6. Operant Conditioning Contingency positive negative SD SΔ NegativePunishment Positive RFT appetitive Negative RFT PositivePunishment aversive

  7. CERs Contingency positive negative CS+ CS- Positive Affect Negative Affect Appetitive US Negative Affect Positive Affect Aversive

  8. CER / SR Contingency positive negative CS+ or SD CS- or SΔ Positive Affect Negative Affect Appetitive US or SR Negative Affect Positive Affect Aversive

  9. CS1 US UR :  Mom picks up Food CS1 CR Mom picks up After learning Positive Affect  Conditioning: Pavlovian • Strong CS-US association  Strong CR ~ CS-US pairings  Hunger + Positive Affect

  10. CS2 CR After learning  See Mom Positive Affect Higher Order: Pavlovian • Strong CS1 Strong CR • Can act like a US • CS2 becomes associated  CR ~ CS2 CS1 CR CS2-CS1 pairings Positive Affect See Mom Mom Picks up : 

  11. Generalized Secondary SRs • Reinforce or punish wide variety of behaviors • Money • Token • Cultural differences ~

  12. Generalized Secondary SRs • Social attention • Affiliation • isolation • Facial expressions • Smiles • Frowns ~

  13. Review: Secondary SRs • US & SR • Biologically important events • CS+ & CS- similar to SD& SΔ • Signals for important events • US elicits reflexive response • & unconditional emotional response • CS+ & CS-  CERs • Learned reflexes, automatic ~

  14. Review: Secondary SRs • Higher order learning • New cues associated with CS • Also come to elicit CERs • Predictive cues • SD& SΔ for SR • Also CSs elicit CERs • CERs become secondary SR • Tokens: e.g. money • Social attention ~

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