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UNIT 4: THE PRIMARY SECTOR

UNIT 4: THE PRIMARY SECTOR. Contents. The primary sector today Agrarian landscapes Human influence on the agrarian landscape Agriculture in developed regions Agriculture in less developed regions Livestock farming and fishing The primary sector in Spain

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UNIT 4: THE PRIMARY SECTOR

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  1. UNIT 4: THE PRIMARY SECTOR

  2. Contents • Theprimary sector today • Agrarianlandscapes • Human influenceontheagrarianlandscape • Agriculture in developedregions • Agriculture in lessdevelopedregions • Livestockfarming and fishing • Theprimary sector in Spain • Agrarianlandscapes in Spain

  3. Keywords • Aquaculture: acuicultura. • Productivity: productividad. • Primary sector: sector primario. • Livestockfarming: ganadería. • Forestry: explotación forestal. - Emergingcountries: países emergentes. - GDP: GrossDomesticProduct, thisisthevalue of allthegoods and servicesproduced in a country overoneyear. Itis a goodindicator of wealth. - Gradient: pendiente. • Intensivefarming: agricultura intensiva. • Extensivefarming: agricultura extensiva. • Commercialagriculure: agricultura comercial, destinada al mercado. • Agriculturalrevolution: revolución agraria, theagriculturalrevolutionsrefersto a rapidprocess of change in theownership and use of theland. • Rural exodus: éxodo rural. • Subsistenceagriculture: agricultura de subsistencia. • Platations: plantaciones. • Globalization: globalización.

  4. 1. Theprimary sector today In developed countries, between 1% and 5% of active population working in primary sector and less than 4% of the GDP. High productivity due to technology. In emerging and less developed countries, half of the population works in primary sector, which produces over 10% of the GDP, traditional farming methods. https://youtu.be/SbwXE3pqm-Y What is the primary sector? The primary sector involves activities that obtain base resources directly from nature (agriculture, livestock farming, forestry and fishing). Today agriculture is still vital to the economy of less developed countries. Before their economies expanded, most developed countries had an agricultural revolution with new techniques and technology. The importance of the primary sector today • 40% of the world active population works in the primary sector. • In 2012 the agricultural sector contributed about 3% of the world’s production (GDP), with great differences between regions:

  5. 2. Agrarianlandscapes Both natural and human factorsshapeagrarianlandscapes. Themostimportantnatural factors are reflief, soil and climate. Reliefinfluencesagrarianlandscapesbecausit determines thetypeof activitywich can be carriedout (altitude and gradient). Soil. Plantsabsorbthenutrientsfromthesoilthattheyneedtogrow (porosity and chemical and biologicalcomposition). Climate. Eachplantrequirescertainconditions of temperature, sunlight and moisture. In human history, peoplehaveselectedtheplantsthattheycultivate, choosingthosethat are suitablyadaptedtothe local climate. There are fourmainclimaticfactors: extreme cold, excessiveheat, humidity and dryconditions. Agricultureisalmostimpossibletopractise at thePoles, desertsor tropical rainforestswithoutthe use of expensivemoderntechnology.

  6. 3. Human influenceontheagrarianspace Agricultural holdings Agricultural holdings are unit of agriculturalproductionwith a single owner, whichmay be either a companyor a person. Theirmainactivityisagriculture, livestockfarmingorforestry. A holding consists of oneor more plots (pieces of lands). Theshape, size and borders of theplotsinfluencesthelandscape. Theplots can be small (lessthan 1 hectare), medium (between 1 and 10) orlarge (more than 10). Theymayalso be regular or irregular shape. Open field, Whentheplots are notsurroundedbyfences, theplots are notseparatedfromeachother (shouthernSpain). Whentheplots are separatedbyfencesorwalls and they are linkedbyroads, they are closedfieldstypicallyfound in northernSpain.

  7. Types of farming Farmingmay be intensiveorextensive: • Intensivefarminguses thelandtothemaximum of itscapacity. Modern techniques are used in developedcountries (highproductivity), whilelessdevelopedcountries use largenumber of farmworkers. • Extensivefarmingisthecultivation of cropsonlargeareas of lands, new countrieswithlarge and flat fields. Twodifferenttypes of wateringsystemare used: • Irrigationcrops, wateristakenfrom artificial sources. • Rainfedcrops, thissystemdependsonrainfall, butitisoftenirrigated in times of drought. Oneor more cropsmay be grownonanagricultural holding, monoculture (single crop) orpolyculture (severaltypes of crop). In livestockfamingthesize, form and boundaries of theland, and thewayitisused, shapetheagrarianlandscape. In forestrythespecies of tree (connifers, hardwood, etc.) defines thelandscape.

  8. 4. Agriculture in developedregions Commercialagriculture Theagriculturalrevolutionthatbegan in Europe at theend of 18th centurystarted a transitionfrom a subsistancefarmingto a largescalecommercialagriculture. Themaingoal of commercialagricultureistoobtain a maximumprofit. Thisisachieved in differentways: Specialization. Usually, onlyoneproductiscultivatedon a farm. Thissimplifiesthe use of machinery and labour and increasesproductivity. Mechanization. Machines partlyreplaces human labour. Thisspeeds up theproduction and reduces labourcosts. Modern farmingmethods. Fertilizers, greenhouses, new varieties of geneticallymodifiedcrops. Storage, transport and commercialisation. Todayproducts can be carriedlongdistances at a lowcost. Commercialagriculturerequiresinvestmentsbutincreasesproductivity and profits.

  9. 5. Agriculture in lessdevelopedregions What is traditional agriculture? Traditional agriculture is a type of subsistence agriculture, which is practised on small plots of land. Families farm the land to obtain food for themselves and local market. Traditional agriculture has the followig characteristics: - Polyculture: Farmers cultivate several crops at the same time to make sure there is enough food all year round. - Manual labour: Families often provide most of the workforce, using old farming techniques and implements and so on low productivity. - Physical factors: Crops are only abundant when the weather is good. Types of traditional agriculture - Shifting cultivation: Trees are cut down and burned in the rainforest, and the ash is used to fertilise the soil. After few years the soil is not fertile and farmers move to new areas. - Sedentary rainfed cultivation: This is practiced in savannah regions using a system of rotation. - Irrigated monsoon cultivation: This is practiced in Asia where the monsoon rains cause extensive flooding (rice, many workers).

  10. Plantationagriculture Plantations are largecommercialestates, which are usuallylocated in lessdeveloped tropical countries, mainly in Africa, Central and South America, India and south-east Asia. Theearliestplantationswereestablished in the 16 th and 19 thcenturiesbyEuropeans. Cropscould be obtainedthatdidnotgrow in Europe, such as cocoa, coffeorcotton. Thenomber and size of plantations in developingcountries has grown as a result of economicglobalization. Plantations are nowmostlycontrolledbymultinationalcompanies. Plantationagricultureis a form of commercialagriculture. Itrequireslargelands, capital investment, goodtransportnetwork, abundantcheaplabour and modernmachinery and techniques. Othercharacteristics are highprodutivity, monoculture and productionforexport.

  11. HOMEWORK!!! • Define: primary sector, plantationagiculture, commercialagriculture, traditionalagriculture, GPD. • Describe in yourownwordsagriculture in lessdevelopedcountries. 3. Describe whytheprimary sector is so important. 4. Describe brieflymapon page six (types of agriculture). 5. Whichare thedifferencesbetweenintensive and extensivefarming? • Explainwidelythebenefits and problems of commercialfarming. • Explainwidelythebenefits and problems of plantationfarming. • Explainwidelytraditionalagriculture. • Explainthemostimortantfeatures of commercialfarming.

  12. Made by Francisco Javier AbadesAnsián History teacher at Castilla y León (Spain) Feel free to study or share this presentation

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